Author: jknfatawa1

Can Sadaqatul Fitr Be given to non-Muslims?

jknfatawa1 Zakat & Charity

30th December 2022

 

Question: Can sadaqatul fitr be given to non-Muslims? For Instance, on Eid day can I give it to those homeless people sitting outside Tesco or Asda etc?

 

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

 

Answer

We thank you for this important query. Concerning the query itself, the classical Hanafi jurists have differed whether sadaqatul fitr or any other wajib charity such as kaffarah or sadaqah of personal vow can be given to a non-Muslim or not and to which type of non-Muslim. First understand that there are different categories of non-Muslims which the classical literatures discuss. Understanding this is essential as each category has their distinct rulings. The classical jurists divide non-Muslims into three categories as follows;

 

  1. Ahlu dhimma – Those non-Muslims residing in Muslims lands under the protection of an Islamic government.
  2. Harbi – A non-Muslim residing in in a non-Muslim state who are at war against Muslims.
  3. Musta’min – A non-Muslim temporary sojourning in a Muslim land under protection.

 

By consensus, sadaqatul fitr cannot be given to the second and third category (primarily due to non-existence of peace). Sadaqatul fitr can be given to the ahlu dhimmah according to both Imām Abū Haneefah rahimahullah and Imām Muhammad rahimahullah. Imām Abū Yūsuf rahimahullah however disallows it. [1] He equates it to the ruling of Zakāt as in, just as Zakāt cannot be given to a non-Muslim by consensus, then wajib charity cannot be given to them also. Imām Muhammad rahimahullah despite the concession still prefers donating it to a Muslim. Imām Abū Haneefah’s rahimahullah reason for allowing it is because the purpose of sadaqah is to fulfil people’s needs which is rewarding to the donor similar to optional charity. This is fulfilled even by giving sadaqtul fitr to the ahlu dhimmah. Moreover, giving charity to such non-Muslims falls under the remit of kind treatment towards them which the Quran allows. Zakāt eligibility however is exceptional to this case due to the Hadeeth of Sayyiduna Mu’adh radhiyallahu anhu which specifies Muslims to be the only legitimate recipients of it. The reason for the underlying differences becomes apparent that Imām Abū Yūsuf rahimahullah equates sadaqtul fitr to Zakāt as both are obligatory charities whilst Imām Abū Haneefah rahimahullah equates it to optional charity. Imām Muhammad rahimahullah on the other hand prefers the middle ground in that he permits it but prefers to prioritise Muslims.[2]

The question is which of the above categories do today’s non-Muslims fall under? Muslims residing alongside non-Muslims in western lands makes it difficult to categorise non-Muslims into any of the above three categories due to the change of the social dynamics. Clearly, they do not belong to the ahlu dhimmah category and neither harbi due to truce existing between Muslims and non-Muslim government. Mustamin is also not applicable as they refer to those harbies sojourning in Muslim lands. We must therefore refer to the principle alluded by Imām Abū Haneefah rahimahullah which suggests that Islām does not prohibit Muslims from kind treatment towards non-Muslims who do not jeopardise the faith, lives and property of Muslims. Giving charity also includes kind treatment towards them.

So to conclude, with the exception of Zakāt any form of charity whether it is optional or wajib such as sadaqatul fitr can be given to present day non-Muslim beggars on the streets based on the above principle although prioritising Muslims would be better so to avoid the differences.  

 

 

 

[Allãh Knows Best]

 

 

Written and researched by (Mufti) Abdul Waheed

Answer Attested by Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

 

 

[1] Fatawa Hindiyyah, Kitāb Zakāt, vol 1, p. 188

الْبَابُ السَّابِعُ فِي الْمَصَارِفِ

وَأَمَّا أَهْلُ الذِّمَّةِ فَلَا يَجُوزُ صَرْفُ الزَّكَاةِ إلَيْهِمْ بِالِاتِّفَاقِ وَيَجُوزُ صَرْفُ صَدَقَةِ التَّطَوُّعِ إلَيْهِمْ بِالِاتِّفَاقِ، وَاخْتَلَفُوا فِي صَدَقَةِ الْفِطْرِ وَالنُّذُورِ وَالْكَفَّارَاتِ قَالَ أَبُو حَنِيفَةَ وَمُحَمَّدٌ – رَحِمَهُمَا اللَّهُ تَعَالَى – يَجُوزُ إلَّا أَنَّ فُقَرَاءَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ أَحَبُّ إلَيْنَا كَذَا فِي شَرْحِ الطَّحَاوِيِّ. وَأَمَّا الْحَرْبِيُّ الْمُسْتَأْمَنُ فَلَا يَجُوزُ دَفْعُ الزَّكَاةِ وَالصَّدَقَةِ الْوَاجِبَةِ إلَيْهِ بِالْإِجْمَاعِ وَيَجُوزُ صَرْفُ التَّطَوُّعِ إلَيْهِ كَذَا فِي السِّرَاجِ الْوَهَّاجِ.

 

Kasān, Badā’i Sanāi, Kitāb Zakāt, vol 2 p. 74

فَصْلٌ رُكْن صَدَقَة الْفِطْر

وَشَرَائِطِ الرُّكْنِ أَيْضًا مَا ذَكَرْنَا هُنَاكَ غَيْرَ أَنَّ إسْلَامَ الْمُؤَدَّى إلَيْهِ هَهُنَا لَيْسَ بِشَرْطٍ لِجَوَازِ الْأَدَاءِ عِنْدَ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ وَمُحَمَّدٍ فَيَجُوزُ دَفْعُهَا إلَى أَهْلِ الذِّمَّةِ، وَعِنْدَ أَبِي يُوسُفَ، وَالشَّافِعِيِّ شَرْطٌ وَلَا يَجُوزُ الدَّفْعُ إلَيْهِمْ وَلَا يَجُوزُ الدَّفْعُ إلَى الْحَرْبِيِّ

 

Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb Zakāt, vol 2 p. 352

(ولا) تدفع (إلى ذمي) لحديث معاذ (وجاز) دفع (غيرها وغير العشر) والخراج (إليه) أي الذمي ولو واجبا كنذر وكفارة وفطرة

(قوله: خلافا للثاني) حيث قال إن دفع سائر الصدقات الواجبة إليه لا يجوز اعتبارا بالزكاة، وصرح في الهداية وغيرها بأن هذه رواية عن الثاني، وظاهره أن قوله المشهور كقولهما (قوله: وبقوله يفتي) الذي في حاشية الخير الرملي عن الحاوي وبقوله نأخذ.

قلت: لكن كلام الهداية وغيرها يفيد ترجيح قولهما وعليه المتون (قوله: وأما الحربي) محترز الذمي (قوله: عن الغاية) أي غاية البيان، وقوله وغيرهما أي النهاية فافهم

 

[2] Sarakhsi, al-Mabsoot, Kitāb Sawm, vol 3 p. 111

بَابُ صَدَقَةِ الْفِطْرِ

(قَالَ) : وَيَجُوزُ أَنْ يَدْفَعَ صَدَقَةَ الْفِطْرِ إلَى أَهْلِ الذِّمَّةِ وَعَلَى قَوْلِ الشَّافِعِيِّ – رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى – لَا يَجُوزُ وَعَنْ أَبِي يُوسُفَ – رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى – ثَلَاثُ رِوَايَاتٍ فِي رِوَايَةٍ قَالَ: كُلُّ صَدَقَةٍ مَذْكُورَةٌ فِي الْقُرْآنِ لَا يَجُوزُ دَفْعُهَا إلَى أَهْلِ الذِّمَّةِ فَعَلَى هَذِهِ الرِّوَايَةِ يَجُوزُ دَفْعُ صَدَقَةِ الْفِطْرِ إلَيْهِمْ، وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ قَالَ: كُلُّ صَدَقَةٍ وَاجِبَةٌ بِإِيجَابِ الشَّرْعِ ابْتِدَاءً مِنْ غَيْرِ سَبَبٍ مِنْ الْعَبْدِ لَا يَجُوزُ دَفْعُهَا إلَى أَهْلِ الذِّمَّةِ فَعَلَى هَذَا لَا يَجُوزُ دَفْعُ صَدَقَةِ الْفِطْرِ إلَيْهِمْ، وَيَجُوزُ دَفْعُ الْكَفَّارَاتِ وَالنُّذُورِ إلَيْهِمْ وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ قَالَ: كُلُّ صَدَقَةٍ هِيَ وَاجِبَةٌ لَا يَجُوزُ دَفْعُهَا إلَيْهِمْ فَعَلَى هَذَا لَا يَجُوزُ دَفْعُ الْكَفَّارَاتِ وَإِنَّمَا يَجُوزُ دَفْعُ التَّطَوُّعَاتِ وَالشَّافِعِيُّ – رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى – يَقِيسُ هَذَا بِزَكَاةِ الْمَالِ بِعِلَّةِ أَنَّهَا صَدَقَةٌ وَاجِبَةٌ فَإِنَّ الصَّدَقَةَ الْمَالِيَّةَ صِلَةٌ وَاجِبَةٌ لِلْمَحَاوِيجِ الْمُنَاسِبِينَ لَهُ فِي الْمِلَّةِ فَلَا يَمْلِكُ صَرْفَهَا إلَى غَيْرِهِمْ وَالْمَقْصُودُ مِنْهُ أَنْ يَتَقَوَّى بِهِ عَلَى الطَّاعَةِ، وَيَتَفَرَّغَ عَنْ السُّؤَالِ لِإِقَامَةِ صَلَاةِ الْعِيدِ، وَلَا يَحْصُلُ هَذَا الْمَقْصُودُ بِالصَّرْفِ إلَى أَهْلِ الذِّمَّةِ كَمَا لَا يَحْصُلُ بِالصَّرْفِ إلَيَّ الْمُسْتَأْمَنِينَ فَكَمَا لَا يَجُوزُ صَرْفُهَا إلَيْهِمْ فَكَذَلِكَ إلَى أَهْلِ الذِّمَّةِ.

(وَلَنَا) أَنَّ الْمَقْصُودَ سَدُّ خَلَّةِ الْمُحْتَاجِ، وَدَفَعَ حَاجَتِهِ بِفِعْلٍ هُوَ قُرْبَةٌ مِنْ الْمُؤَدِّي وَهَذَا الْمَقْصُودُ حَاصِلٌ بِالصَّرْفِ إلَى أَهْلِ الذِّمَّةِ فَإِنَّ التَّصَدُّقَ عَلَيْهِمْ قُرْبَةٌ بِدَلِيلِ التَّطَوُّعَاتِ؛ لِأَنَّا لَمْ نُنْهَ عَنْ الْمَبَرَّةِ لِمَنْ لَا يُقَاتِلُنَا قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: {لَا يَنْهَاكُمْ اللَّهُ عَنْ الَّذِينَ لَمْ يُقَاتِلُوكُمْ فِي الدِّينِ} [الممتحنة: 8] الْآيَةُ بِخِلَافِ الْمُسْتَأْمَنِ فَإِنَّهُ مُقَاتِلٌ وَقَدْ نُهِينَا عَنْ الْمَبَرَّةِ مَعَ مَنْ يُقَاتِلُنَا قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: {إنَّمَا يَنْهَاكُمْ اللَّهُ عَنْ الَّذِينَ قَاتَلُوكُمْ فِي الدِّينِ} [الممتحنة: 9] الْآيَةُ، وَالْقِيَاسُ أَنْ يَجُوزَ صَرْفُ الزَّكَاةِ إلَيْهِمْ إنَّمَا تَرَكْنَا الْقِيَاسَ فِيهِ بِالنَّصِّ، وَهُوَ قَوْلُهُ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ – لِمُعَاذٍ «خُذْهَا مِنْ أَغْنِيَائِهِمْ وَرُدَّهَا فِي فُقَرَائِهِمْ» وَالْمُرَادُ بِهِ الزَّكَاةُ لَا صَدَقَةُ الْفِطْرِ وَالْكَفَّارَاتُ إذْ لَيْسَ لِلسَّاعِي فِيهَا وِلَايَةُ الْأَخْذِ فَبَقِيَ عَلَى أَصْلِ الْقِيَاسِ.

(قَالَ) : وَفُقَرَاءُ الْمُسْلِمِينَ أَحَبُّ إلَيَّ؛ لِأَنَّهُ أَبْعَدُ عَنْ الْخِلَافِ؛ وَلِأَنَّهُمْ يَتَقَوَّوْنَ بِهَا عَلَى الطَّاعَةِ وَعِبَادَةِ الرَّحْمَنِ، وَالذِّمِّيُّ يَتَقَوَّى بِهَا عَلَى عِبَادَةِ الشَّيْطَانِ.

 

Is Yellow Discharge Considered Period Bleeding?

jknfatawa1 Women

30th November 2022

 

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته

Question:  I have an established habit of 7 days. The initial bleeding is usually red, dark red or brown. However, 3 weeks after my last period, I saw some yellow discharge for two days then it stopped and didn’t see anything thereafter. Are they classed as periods or not?

 

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

 

Answer:

Thank you for your question. In reference to your query, generally yellow discharge is considered a period blood,[1] however in your situation as the bleeding/discharge did not carry on for a minimum of 3 days,[2] the 2 days of yellow discharge will not be considered as period. However, if you saw any blood within 8 days after that then the 2 days of yellow discharge then it would be classed as periods because the duration has lapsed 3 days.[3]

 

 

[Allāh Knows Best]

 

 

Written by:  Apa Sajeda          Reviewed by: Mufti Abdul Waheed

Attested by: Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam    

JKN Fatawa Department

 

[1] Fatawa Hindiyya, Kitāb Taharah, Baab dima al-muktassa binisa. V1 pg. 36

وَمِنْهَا أَنْ يَكُونَ عَلَى لَوْنٍ مِنْ الْأَلْوَانِ السِّتَّةِ: السَّوَادُ وَالْحُمْرَةُ وَالصُّفْرَةُ وَالْكُدْرَةُ وَالْخُضْرَةُ وَالتُّرْبِيَةُ هَكَذَا فِي النِّهَايَةِ 

 

[2] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitābul Taharah, Bāb Al-Haidh, vol 1 p. 283

وَ (أَقَلُّهُ ثَلَاثَةٌ بِلَيَالِيِهَا) الثَّلَاثِ،

 

[3] Mufti Mahmood Ganghohi, Fatwa Mahmoodiya, Kitaab Al Tahara, Baab alhaidh, Vol 5, pg 200

سوال 1969: کسی عورت کو کبھی دو دن ،کبھی 3 دن لگاتر حیض آتا ہے پھر بلکل بند ہوجاتا ہے۔۔۔۔

 

Dissolving a Marriage Due to Erectile Dysfunction

jknfatawa1 Divorce

23rd November 2022

 

Question: Almost 10 years we have not had a martial relationship due to my husband erectile dysfunction which has been medically proven and was provided with an artificial rubber penis. I have been married 24 years we have never had a relationship where we connected from the heart for me it was due to lack of support and family pressure and not knowing my Islamic rights. We don’t have any children.  I have spoken to my husband on several occasions discussing that we dissolve this marriage so I can move forward in life without doing any sin. But he is in denial and will not admit he has a medical problem and nor does he want to divorce me.  My question to you is what is the fatwa for a married women in Islām and what is my right in this situation as I have needs which are not being fulfilled?  I do not want to commit zina but my needs are not being met by him.

 

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

 

Answer

Concerning your case scenario, your Islamic right to demand a divorce depends on a number of factors such as, whether this particular illness falls under the Islamic category of ineen or not, his condition existed before the marriage or occurred after the marriage. If before the marriage then whether you knew about it beforehand and consented to it or not and moreover, whether the marriage was consummated even once with full penetration or not. If the illness occurred after the marriage, then how long after the marriage did he suffer from such condition and to what extent has this mentally impacted you and whether the medical treatment has made any difference to him or not. These are the broad question that the board members of Sharī῾ah Council ask before deciding to dissolve the marriage if the husband is no willing to divorce his wife.[1] Since you are enquiring about the legitimacy of demanding divorce, our detailed answer is as follows.

 

Erectile dysfunction is a sexual deficiency that is not uncommon amongst men especially above the age of 40 (but some cases less than that) that can be caused by stress, anxiety, diabetes, high blood pressure or any other medical condition affecting the genital area. It occurs when there is not enough blood flow into the penis to trap the blood for erection during intimacy.[2] Though the doctors have provided your husband with an artificial rubber penis as a safe alternative, it has no legal implication nor can it be deemed similar to an actual penis fulfilling his wife’s sexual right, like an impotent man inserting his finger to satisfy his wife. His condition resembles to what the classical jurists refer to as an inneen – a person who is unable to have intimate relationship nor can he penetrate his wife’s vaginal area. The causes of this sexual deficiency may include old age, black magic, illness, sterilised and so forth. In all instances, he is unable to have an erection for penetration.[3]

 

When the husband becomes an impotent then his wife has the legitimate right to ask for a divorce. If there is a likelihood fear that she will fall into zina then ethically he should divorce her so to allow her to move on with her life. If he still refuses then she must present her case to a reputable Sharī῾ah Council who upon investigation will dissolve the marriage under the following conditions;

 

  1. She was unaware of his condition before the marriage.
  2. She did not consent to his condition nor expressed clear consent upon discovering it. If she did consent then her right to divorce is revoked.
  3. The marriage was not consummated at all. If it was consummated and thereafter became impotent then she has no right to dissolution.[4]

The Sharī῾ah Council will then give him one year respite for his treatment and if thereafter, he is not cured then they will dissolve the marriage. The wife’s respite does not count due to not presenting the case in front of the Sharī῾ah Council who are responsible for dissolving the marriage.[5] Thus, despite the medical documentation she provides, the Sharī῾ah Council would in principle still give one year of respite.

 

Having said the above, there are a few concerns that need to be addressed. The first being the sexual rights of the couple. The jurists such as Ibn Abideen Shami rahimahullah explain that the rights to sexual relationship belong to both the husband and wife. Just as his sexual needs ought to be fulfilled then so should her needs must be met and failing to do so is tantamount to neglecting her fundamental rights to which Islamically she has every right to object. Judicially (qadha’an), he must consummate the marriage at least once otherwise the judge can coerce him to do so, but ethically (diyanatan) compulsory more than once (or as frequent as possible). Some jurists maintain that the judge can even coerce him to be intimate with her more than once if he refuses, thus implying that consummation even more than once is judicially necessary, not just ethically.[6] Hence, the Sharī῾ah Councils can overrule the third condition above by taking her concerns into consideration and dissolve the marriage if he can no longer fulfil her sexual needs even if the marriage was consummated once.

 

A final point on this is that deprivation of sexual needs despite being married for a long-time can most likely result in tension and discord between the couple which can negatively impact the Islamic spirit of marriage which is built on peace and tranquillity. In other words, peace in marriage comes from heathy sexual relationship and when this is absent then so is the peaceful relationship in marriage. Strict application of the above conditions; consummation at least once and her initial consent, and her husband’s unwillingness to divorce falls contrary to the Islamic spirit of Nikah. Thus, in due consideration of this as Shaykh Khalid Sayfullah Rahmani also maintains is that despite if she initially consented to his condition and consummated, if her sexual needs are being neglected due to the husband’s impotency such as in the above case, her marriage can be dissolved so to safeguard her from further harm.[7]

 

In summary, it is permissible for you to ask for a divorce and if he refuses then you can present your case to a reputable Sharī῾ah Council who may dissolve your marriage upon examining your condition.

 

 

 

 

 [Allãh Knows Best]

 

 

Written and researched by (Mufti) Abdul Waheed

 

Answer Attested by Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

[1] For more details, see Mufti Mahmood Hasan Gangohi Fatawa Mahmoodiyyah, Ch. Faskh and Tafreeq, vol 13, p. 273-274

 

[2] NHS, (2020) Erectile Dysfunction (impotence), at: Erectile dysfunction (impotence) – NHS (www.nhs.uk) [accessed 4th November 2022]

 

[3] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb Talāq, vol 3 p. 494

بَابُ الْعِنِّينِ

وَغَيْرِهِ (هُوَ) لُغَةً مَنْ لَا يَقْدِرُ عَلَى الْجِمَاعِ فِعِّيلٌ بِمَعْنَى مَفْعُولٍ جَمْعُهُ عُنُنٌ. وَشَرْعًا (مَنْ لَا يَقْدِرُ عَلَى جِمَاعِ فَرْجِ زَوْجَتِهِ) يَعْنِي لِمَانِعٍ مِنْهُ كَكِبْرِ سِنٍّ، أَوْ سِحْرٍ

شُرُوعٌ فِي بَيَانِ مَنْ بِهِ مَرَضٌ لَهُ تَعَلُّقٌ بِالنِّكَاحِ (قَوْلُهُ: وَغَيْرِهِ) الْأَوْلَى وَنَحْوِهِ مِنْ كُلِّ مَنْ لَا يَقْدِرُ عَلَى جِمَاعِ زَوْجَتِهِ: كَالْمَجْبُوبِ، وَالْخَصِيِّ، وَالْمَسْحُورِ، وَالشَّيْخِ الْكَبِيرِ، وَالشَّكَّازِ – كَشَدَّادٍ بِشِينٍ مُعْجَمَةٍ وَزَايٍ –: مَنْ إذَا حَدَّثَ الْمَرْأَةَ أَنْزَلَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُخَالِطَهَا قَامُوسٌ (قَوْلُهُ: عَلَى الْجِمَاعِ) أَيْ جِمَاعِ زَوْجَتِهِ، أَوْ غَيْرِهَا، فَهُوَ أَعَمُّ مِنْ الْمَعْنَى الشَّرْعِيِّ الْآتِي

(قَوْلُهُ: عَلَى جِمَاعِ فَرْجِ زَوْجَتِهِ) – أَيْ مَعَ وُجُودِ الْآلَةِ سَوَاءٌ كَانَتْ تَقُومُ أَوْ لَا – أَخْرَجَ الدُّبُرَ فَلَا يَخْرُجُ عَنْ الْعُنَّةِ بِالْإِدْخَالِ فِيهِ خِلَافًا لِابْنِ عَقِيلٍ مِنْ الْحَنَابِلَةِ مِعْرَاجٌ لِأَنَّ الْإِدْخَالَ فِيهِ وَإِنْ كَانَ أَشَدَّ، لَكِنَّهُ قَدْ يَكُونُ مَمْنُوعًا عَنْ الْإِدْخَالِ فِي الْفَرْجِ لِسِحْرٍ

 

Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitābus Talāq, vol 3 p. 494

(وَلَوْ وَجَدَتْهُ عِنِّينًا) هُوَ مَنْ لَا يَصِلُ إلَى النِّسَاءِ لِمَرَضٍ أَوْ كِبَرٍ، أَوْ سِحْرٍ وَيُسَمَّى الْمَعْقُودَ وَهْبَانِيَّةٌ (أَوْ خَصِيًّا) لَا يَنْتَشِرُ ذَكَرُهُ، فَإِنْ انْتَشَرَ لَمْ تُخَيَّرْ بَحْرٌ

(قَوْلُهُ: وَلَوْ وَجَدَتْهُ) أَيْ لَوْ وَجَدَتْ الْمَرْأَةُ الْحُرَّةُ غَيْرُ الرَّتْقَاءِ – كَمَا مَرَّ فِي زَوْجَةِ الْمَجْبُوبِ – زَوْجَهَا، وَلَوْ مَعْتُوهًا فَيُؤَجَّلُ بِحَضْرَةِ خَصْمٍ عَنْهُ كَمَا فِي الْبَحْرِ، وَيُشْتَرَطُ لِتَأْجِيلِهِ فِي الْحَالِ كَوْنُهُ بَالِغًا، أَوْ مُرَاهِقًا، وَكَوْنُهُ صَحِيحًا وَغَيْرَ مُتَلَبِّسٍ بِإِحْرَامٍ كَمَا سَيَأْتِي؛ وَشَمِلَ مَا لَوْ وَصَلَ إلَيْهَا ثُمَّ أَبَانَهَا ثُمَّ تَزَوَّجَهَا وَلَمْ يَصِلْ إلَيْهَا فِي النِّكَاحِ الثَّانِي لِتَجَدُّدِ حَقِّ الْمُطَالَبَةِ بِكُلِّ عَقْدٍ كَمَا فِي الْبَحْرِ (قَوْلُهُ: عِنِّينًا) وَمِثْلُهُ الشَّكَّازُ كَمَا مَرَّ (قَوْلُهُ: هُوَ مَنْ لَا يَصِلُ إلَى النِّسَاءِ إلَخْ) هَذَا مَعْنَاهُ لُغَةً، وَأَمَّا مَعْنَاهُ الشَّرْعِيُّ الْمُرَادُ هُنَا: فَهُوَ مَنْ لَا يَقْدِرُ عَلَى جِمَاعِ فَرْجِ زَوْجَتِهِ مَعَ قِيَامِ الْآلَةِ لِمَرَضٍ بِهِ كَمَا مَرَّ،

 

Ibn Nujaym, Bahr Rāiq, Kitāb Talāq, vol 4 p. 133

بَابُ الْعِنِّينِ

وَأَمَّا عِنْدَ الْفُقَهَاءِ فَهُوَ مَنْ لَا يَصِلُ إلَى النِّسَاءِ مَعَ قِيَامِ الْآلَةِ لِمَرَضٍ بِهِ وَإِنْ كَانَ يَصِلُ إلَى الثَّيِّبِ دُونَ الْبِكْرِ أَوْ إلَى بَعْضِ النِّسَاءِ دُونَ بَعْضٍ سَوَاءٌ كَانَتْ آلَتُهُ تَقُومُ أَوْ لَا كَمَا فِي الْعِنَايَةِ……

وَلِذَا قَالَ فِي شَرْحِ الْمَنْظُومَةِ الشَّكَّازُ بِفَتْحِ الْمُعْجَمَةِ وَكَافٍ مُشَدَّدَةٍ وَبَعْدَ الْأَلْفِ زَايٌ هُوَ الَّذِي إذَا جَذَبَ الْمَرْأَةَ أَنْزَلَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُخَالِطَهَا ثُمَّ لَا تَنْتَشِرُ آلَتُهُ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ لِجِمَاعِهَا وَهُوَ مِنْ قَبِيلِ الْعِنِّينِ لَهَا الْمُطَالَبَةُ بِالتَّفْرِيقِ وَإِنْ كَانَ يَصِلُ إلَى الثَّيِّبِ دُونَ الْبِكْرِ أَوْ إلَى بَعْضِ النِّسَاءِ دُونَ بَعْضٍ لِضَعْفِ طَبِيعَتِهِ أَوْ لِكِبَرِ سِنِّهِ أَوْ سِحْرٍ فَهُوَ عِنِّينٌ فِي حَقِّ مَنْ لَا يَصِلُ إلَيْهَا لِفَوَاتِ الْمَقْصُودِ فِي حَقِّهَا

 

 

[4] Maulana Abdus Samad Rahmani, faskh wa Tafreeq, p. 107

 

Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitābus Talāq, vol 3 p. 501

(تَزَوَّجَ) الْأُولَى، أَوْ امْرَأَةً (أُخْرَى عَالِمَةً بِحَالِهِ لَا خِيَارَ لَهَا عَلَى الْمَذْهَبِ) الْمُفْتَى بِهِ بَحْرٌ عَنْ الْمُحِيطِ خِلَافًا لِتَصْحِيحِ الْخَانِيَّةِ.

قُلْت: وَوَجْهُ الْمُفْتَى بِهِ أَنَّهُ بَعْدَ عِلْمِهَا بِتَحَقُّقِ عَجْزِهِ وَعَدَمِ عِلْمِهَا بِأَنَّ عَجْزَهُ مُخْتَصٌّ بِالْأُولَى تَكُونُ رَاضِيَةً بِهِ، وَطَمَعُهَا فِي وُصُولِهِ إلَيْهَا يُؤَكِّدُ رِضَاهَا بِهِ

 

Ibn Nujaym, Bahr Rāiq, Kitāb Talāq, vol 4 p. 135

وَأَشَارَ إلَى أَنَّهُ لَوْ وَطِئَهَا مَرَّةً لَا حَقَّ لَهَا فِي الْمُطَالَبَةِ لِسُقُوطِ حَقِّهَا بِالْمَرَّةِ قَضَاءً وَمَا زَادَ عَلَيْهَا فَهُوَ مُسْتَحَقٌّ دِيَانَةً لَا قَضَاءً كَمَا فِي جَامِعِ قَاضِي خَانْ، وَفِي فَتَاوَاهُ لَوْ كَانَ يَأْتِيهَا فِيمَا دُونَ الْفَرْجِ حَتَّى يُنْزِلَ وَتُنْزِلَ وَلَا يَصِلُ إلَيْهَا فِي فَرْجِهَا وَقَامَتْ مَعَهُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ زَمَانًا وَهِيَ بِكْرٌ أَوْ ثَيِّبٌ ثُمَّ خَاصَمَتْهُ إلَى الْقَاضِي أَجَّلَهُ الْقَاضِي سَنَةً، وَلَوْ وَطِئَهَا بَعْدَ التَّأْجِيل سَقَطَ حَقُّهَا وَلَوْ حَائِضًا أَوْ نُفَسَاءَ أَوْ صَائِمَةً أَوْ مُحْرِمَةً كَذَا فِي الْمِعْرَاجِ وَإِلَى أَنَّ الزَّوْجَ لَوْ طَلَبَ أَنْ يُؤَجِّلَ بَعْدَ السَّنَةِ، وَلَوْ يَوْمًا لَا يُجِيبُهُ الْقَاضِي إلَّا بِرِضَاهَا وَلَهَا الرُّجُوعُ وَاخْتِيَارُ الْفُرْقَةِ كَذَا فِي الِاخْتِيَارِ وَقَدَّمْنَا أَنَّ الْمُرَادَ بِالزَّوْجَةِ الْحُرَّةُ

 

 

[5] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitābus Talāq, vol 3 p. 497

(أُجِّلَ سَنَةً) لِاشْتِمَالِهَا عَلَى الْفُصُولِ الْأَرْبَعَةِ، وَلَا عِبْرَةَ بِتَأْجِيلِ غَيْرِ قَاضِي الْبَلْدَةِ (قَمَرِيَّةً) بِالْأَهِلَّةِ عَلَى الْمَذْهَبِ وَهِيَ ثَلَثُمِائَةٍ وَأَرْبَعَةٌ وَخَمْسُونَ يَوْمًا وَبَعْضُ يَوْمٍ، وَقِيلَ: شَمْسِيَّةً بِالْأَيَّامِ وَهِيَ أَزْيَدُ بِأَحَدَ عَشَرَ يَوْمًا، قِيلَ وَبِهِ يُفْتَى،

فَالْحَقُّ أَنَّ التَّفْرِيقَ إمَّا بِغَلَبَةِ ظَنِّ عَدَمِ زَوَالِهِ لِزَمَانَتِهِ أَوْ لِلْآفَةِ الْأَصْلِيَّةِ، وَمُضِيُّ السَّنَةِ مُوجِبٌ لِذَلِكَ، أَوْ هُوَ عَدَمُ إيفَاءِ حَقِّهَا، وَالسَّنَةُ جُعِلَتْ غَايَةً فِي الصَّبْرِ وَإِبْلَاءِ الْعُذْرِ شَرْعًا، وَتَمَامُهُ فِي الْفَتْحِ (قَوْلُهُ: وَلَا عِبْرَةَ بِتَأْجِيلِ غَيْرِ قَاضِي الْبَلْدَةِ) لِأَنَّ هَذَا مُقَدِّمَةُ أَمْرٍ لَا يَكُونُ إلَّا عِنْدَ الْقَاضِي وَهُوَ الْفُرْقَةُ فَكَذَا مُقَدِّمَتُهُ وَلْوَالِجِيَّةٌ، فَلَا يُعْتَبَرُ تَأْجِيلُ الْمَرْأَةِ وَلَا تَأْجِيلُ غَيْرِهَا بَحْرٌ عَنْ الْخَانِيَّةِ، وَلَا يُعْتَبَرُ تَأْجِيلُ غَيْرِ الْحَاكِمِ كَائِنًا مَنْ كَانَ فَتْحٌ، وَظَاهِرُهُ وَلَوْ مُحَكَّمًا تَأَمَّلْ. وَفِي الْبَحْرِ: وَلَوْ عُزِلَ الْقَاضِي بَعْدَمَا أَجَّلَهُ بَنَى الْمَوْلَى عَلَى التَّأْجِيلِ الْأَوَّلِ (قَوْلُهُ: بِالْأَهِلَّةِ عَلَى الْمَذْهَبِ) وَجْهُهُ أَنَّ الثَّابِتَ عَنْ الصَّحَابَةِ كَعُمَرَ وَغَيْرِهِ اسْمُ السَّنَةِ، وَأَهْلُ الشَّرْعِ إنَّمَا يَتَعَارَفُونَ الْأَشْهُرَ وَالسِّنِينَ بِالْأَهِلَّةِ، فَإِذَا أَطْلَقُوا السَّنَةَ انْصَرَفُوا إلَى ذَلِكَ مَا لَمْ يُصَرِّحُوا بِخِلَافِهِ فَتْحٌ

(قَوْلُهُ: وَقِيلَ شَمْسِيَّةٌ) اخْتَارَهُ شَمْسُ الْأَئِمَّةِ السَّرَخْسِيُّ وَقَاضِي خَانْ وَظَهِيرُ الدِّينِ، وَهِيَ رِوَايَةُ الْحَسَنِ عَنْ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ فَتْحٌ. وَعَنْ مُحَمَّدٍ أَنَّ الِاعْتِبَارَ لِلْعَدَدِيَّةِ وَهِيَ ثَلَثُمِائَةٍ وَسِتُّونَ يَوْمًا قُهُسْتَانِيٌّ (قَوْلُهُ: وَهِيَ أَزْيَدُ بِأَحَدَ عَشَرَ يَوْمًا) أَيْ وَخَمْسِ سَاعَاتٍ وَخَمْسٍ وَخَمْسِينَ دَقِيقَةً، أَوْ تِسْعٍ وَأَرْبَعِينَ دَقِيقَةً، وَتَمَامُهُ فِي الْقُهُسْتَانِيِّ

 

 

[6] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitābus Nikāh, vol 3 p. 202-3

بَابُ الْقَسْمِ

(قَوْلُهُ وَيَسْقُطُ حَقُّهَا بِمَرَّةٍ) قَالَ فِي الْفَتْحِ: وَاعْلَمْ أَنَّ تَرْكَ جِمَاعِهَا مُطْلَقًا لَا يَحِلُّ لَهُ، صَرَّحَ أَصْحَابُنَا بِأَنَّ جِمَاعَهَا أَحْيَانًا وَاجِبٌ دِيَانَةً، لَكِنْ لَا يَدْخُلُ تَحْتَ الْقَضَاءِ وَالْإِلْزَامِ إلَّا الْوَطْأَةُ الْأُولَى وَلَمْ يُقَدِّرُوا فِيهِ مُدَّةً.

وَيَجِبُ أَنْ لَا يَبْلُغَ بِهِ مُدَّةَ الْإِيلَاءِ إلَّا بِرِضَاهَا وَطِيبِ نَفْسِهَا بِهِ. اهـ. قَالَ فِي النَّهْرِ: فِي هَذَا الْكَلَامِ تَصْرِيحٌ بِأَنَّ الْجِمَاعَ بَعْدَ الْمَرَّةِ حَقُّهُ لَا حَقُّهَا اهـ. قُلْت: فِيهِ نَظَرٌ بَلْ هُوَ حَقُّهُ وَحَقُّهَا أَيْضًا، لِمَا عَلِمْت مِنْ أَنَّهُ وَاجِبٌ دِيَانَةً. قَالَ فِي الْبَحْرِ: وَحَيْثُ عُلِمَ أَنَّ الْوَطْءَ لَا يَدْخُلُ تَحْتَ الْقَسْمِ فَهَلْ هُوَ وَاجِبٌ لِلزَّوْجَةِ وَفِي الْبَدَائِعِ: لَهَا أَنْ تُطَالِبَهُ بِالْوَطْءِ لِأَنَّ حِلَّهُ لَهَا حَقُّهَا، كَمَا أَنَّ حِلَّهَا لَهُ حَقُّهُ، وَإِذَا طَالَبَتْهُ يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ وَيُجْبَرُ عَلَيْهِ فِي الْحُكْمِ مَرَّةً وَالزِّيَادَةُ تَجِبُ دِيَانَةً لَا فِي الْحُكْمِ عِنْدَ بَعْضِ أَصْحَابِنَا وَعِنْدَ بَعْضِهِمْ تَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ فِي الْحُكْمِ. وَبِهِ عُلِمَ أَنَّهُ كَانَ عَلَى الشَّارِحِ أَنْ يَقُولَ وَيَسْقُطُ حَقُّهَا بِمَرَّةٍ فِي الْقَضَاءِ أَيْ لِأَنَّهُ لَوْ لَمْ يُصِبْهَا مَرَّةً يُؤَجِّلُهُ الْقَاضِي سَنَةً ثُمَّ يَفْسَخُ الْعَقْدَ. أَمَّا لَوْ أَصَابَهَا مَرَّةً وَاحِدَةً لَمْ يَتَعَرَّضْ لَهُ لِأَنَّهُ عَلِمَ أَنَّهُ غَيْرُ عِنِّينٍ وَقْتَ الْعَقْدِ، بَلْ يَأْمُرُهُ بِالزِّيَادَةِ أَحْيَانًا لِوُجُوبِهَا عَلَيْهِ إلَّا لِعُذْرٍ وَمَرَضٍ أَوْ عُنَّةٍ عَارِضَةٍ أَوْ نَحْوِ ذَلِكَ وَسَيَأْتِي فِي بَابِ الظِّهَارِ أَنَّ عَلَى الْقَاضِي إلْزَامَ الْمُظَاهِرِ بِالتَّكْفِيرِ دَفْعًا لِلضَّرَرِ عَنْهَا بِحَبْسٍ أَوْ ضَرْبٍ إلَى أَنْ يُكَفِّرَ أَوْ يُطَلِّقَ وَهَذَا رُبَّمَا يُؤَيِّدُ الْقَوْلَ الْمَارَّ بِأَنَّهُ تَجِبُ الزِّيَادَةُ عَلَيْهِ فِي الْحُكْمِ فَتَأَمَّلْ

 

Also see Maulana Abdus Samad Rahmani, faskh wa Tafreeq, p. 108

 

[7] Khalid Sayfullah Rahmani, Jadeed Fiqhi Masail, Marriage Dissolution due to impotency vol 3, p. 163-172

Performing Wudhu and a Bath Using a Bucket or in a Communal Pool & Used Water

jknfatawa1 Purity , ,

2nd November 2022

                                                                                                                

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته

Question: If someone was to have a bath using the old method of bucket of water and jug and when pouring water over the head, some drops fall off their head back into the bucket of water. So, would this invalidate the purity of that water making it all musta’mal water or will it suffice to carry on using that same bucket of water? Could you also first clarify whether musta’mal water is pure or najis according to the Hanafi madhab. Also. in countries of our homelands like Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, they have big pools where everyone in their village comes to wash their clothes, have a ghusl in and do wudhu. Now we learnt that if traces of najāsah – impurity – are seen in the water it cannot be used for purification. Is this water valid for the people to use? As everyone washes their clothes and dirt comes off. People completely jump in to do their ghusl and get out. Is that water musta’mal or now najāsah? People when doing wudhu inside that pool gargle and spit the water back in. Please explain in detail.

 

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

 

Answer: Thank you for your query. Ma’ musta’mal (tr: used water) is that water which separates from the body after being used to purify oneself for worship or that water which has been used to wash visible impurity. This also includes water which has been used to follow a sunnah for example washing one’s hands before eating.[1] The important thing to remember is that it refers to the splashes of water that separates from the body after being used for one of the above reasons. The standard ruling of ma’ musta’mal is that it is pure in of itself but doesn’t have the ability to purify oneself from impurity i.e. it cannot be used for wudhu or ghusl. In fiqhi terms it is referred to as Tahir (pure) but not Muttahir (purifying).[2]

The splashes of the used water from your body that falls into a bucket of clean water during the traditional ghusl method, will not render the entire water in the bucket as ma’ musta’mal unless the ma’ musta’mal comprises of the majority of the water in the bucket, in which case it cannot be used for wudhu or ritual ghusl. Simply put, the majority is to be taken into consideration, so if only a few drops of used water fall inside a full (or half-filled) bucket of clean water and the majority of water comprises of fresh and unused water then that bucket of water is purifying and not deemed to be ma’ musta’mal. It will remain pure and can be used for wudhu, ghusl etc.[3]

Concerning communal pools (or streams of river) where people come to use the water for different purposes such as ghusl, washing clothes and so forth, then if a person does not have physical impurity whilst performing ghusl, wudhu or gargling then so long as the pool of water remains the majority, the used water falling into it does not render the entire water as ma’ musta’mal. If the used water comprises of the majority, then it cannot be used. Again, the principle is to always look at which type of water comprises of the majority. This can be determined by using one’s Dhan Ghalib; stronger inclination. This ruling will apply for all pools of different sizes whether big or small.[4]

If a person washes impure clothes or washes impurity off their body in the communal pool resulting in impurity falling into the pool of water then the purity of the pool of water would depend on the size of the pool. If the pool is stagnant (i.e. not flowing like a stream of river) and is less than 4.572 x 4.572 meters then it is ruled as a small pool in which case the entire pool will be deemed impure and not suitable for use at all. If the pool however is equal or bigger that 4.572 x 4.572 meters (or a stream of river) then it is considered as a large pool in which case impurity falling into it does not render the entire pool as impure and thus suitable for wudhu or ghusl so long as one of the 3 qualities of the water namely; colour, taste or smell has not changed. If any one of them has changed then the entire pool becomes impure and no longer suitable for use.[5]

 

 

[Allāh Knows Best]

 

 

 

Written by:  Apa Sajeda          Reviewed by: Mufti Abdul Waheed

Attested by: Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam      

JKN Fatawa Department

 

 

 

[1] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb Taharah, vol 1 p.198-199

(أَوْ) بِمَاءٍ (اُسْتُعْمِلَ لِ) أَجْلِ (قُرْبَةٍ) أَيْ ثَوَابٍ وَلَوْ مَعَ رَفْعِ حَدَثٍ أَوْ مِنْ مُمَيِّزٍ أَوْ حَائِضٍ لِعَادَةِ أَوْ عِبَادَةٍ أَوْ غُسْلِ مَيِّتٍ أَوْ يَدٍ لِأَكْلٍ أَوْ مِنْهُ بِنِيَّةِ السُّنَّةِ (أَوْ) لِأَجْلِ (رَفْعِ حَدَثٍ) وَلَوْ مَعَ قُرْبَةٍ كَوُضُوءِ مُحْدِثٍ

وَلَوْ لِلتَّبَرُّدِ، فَلَوْ تَوَضَّأَ مُتَوَضِّئٌ لِتَبَرُّدٍ أَوْ تَعْلِيمٍ أَوْ لِطِينٍ بِيَدِهِ لَمْ يَصِرْ مُسْتَعْمَلًا اتِّفَاقًا كَزِيَادَةٍ عَلَى الثَّلَاثِ بِلَا نِيَّةِ قُرْبَةٍ، وَكَغَسْلِ نَحْوِ فَخِذٍ أَوْ ثَوْبٍ طَاهِرٍ أَوْ دَابَّةٍ تُؤْكَلُ (أَوْ) لِأَجْلِ (إسْقَاطِ فَرْضٍ) هُوَ الْأَصْلُ فِي الِاسْتِعْمَالِ كَمَا نَبَّهَ

عَلَيْهِ الْكَمَالُ، بِأَنْ يَغْسِلَ بَعْضَ أَعْضَائِهِ أَوْ يُدْخِلَ يَدَهُ أَوْ رِجْلَهُ فِي جُبٍّ لِغَيْرِ اغْتِرَافٍ وَنَحْوِهِ فَإِنَّهُ يَصِيرُ مُسْتَعْمَلًا لِسُقُوطِ الْفَرْضِ اتِّفَاقًا وَإِنْ لَمْ يَزُلْ حَدَثُ عُضْوِهِ أَوْ جَنَابَتِهِ مَا لَمْ يُتِمَّ لِعَدَمِ تَجَزِّيهِمَا زَوَالًا وَثُبُوتًا عَلَى الْمُعْتَمَدِ

 

[2] Al Bahr al Ra’iq, Kitāb al Taharāt, vol 1 pg 99

وَقَدْ صَحَّحَ الْمَشَايِخُ رِوَايَةَ مُحَمَّدٍ حَتَّى قَالَ فِي الْمُجْتَبَى وَقَدْ صَحَّتْ الرِّوَايَاتُ عَنْ الْكُلِّ أَنَّهُ طَاهِرٌ غَيْرُ طَهُورٍ إلَّا الْحَسَنَ وَقَالَ فَخْرُ الْإِسْلَامِ فِي شَرْحِ الْجَامِعِ الصَّغِيرِ هُوَ الْمُخْتَارُ عِنْدَنَا، وَهُوَ الْمَذْكُورُ فِي عَامَّةِ كُتُبِ مُحَمَّدٍ عَنْ أَصْحَابِنَا فَاخْتَارَهُ الْمُحَقِّقُونَ مِنْ مَشَايِخِ مَا وَرَاءَ النَّهْرِ وَفِي الْمُحِيطِ أَنَّهُ الْمَشْهُورُ عَنْ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ وَفِي كَثِيرٍ مِنْ الْكُتُبِ وَعَلَيْهَا الْفَتْوَى مِنْ غَيْرِ تَفْصِيلٍ بَيْنَ الْمُحْدِثِ وَالْجُنُبِ الْمَذْكُورِ فِي فَتَاوَى الْوَلْوَالِجِيِّ وَالتَّجْنِيسِ فِي مَوَاضِعَ أَنَّ الْفَتْوَى عَلَى رِوَايَةِ مُحَمَّدٍ لِعُمُومِ الْبَلْوَى إلَّا فِي الْجُنُبِ وَقَدْ ذَكَرَ النَّوَوِيُّ أَنَّ الصَّحِيحَ مِنْ مَذْهَبِ الشَّافِعِيِّ أَنَّهُ طَاهِرٌ غَيْرُ طَهُورٍ وَبِهِ قَالَ أَحْمَدُ، وَهُوَ رِوَايَةٌ عَنْ مَالِكٍ وَلَمْ يَذْكُرْ ابْنُ الْمُنْذِرِ عَنْهُ غَيْرَهَا، وَهُوَ قَوْلُ جُمْهُورِ السَّلَفِ وَالْخَلَفِ

 

[3]  Al Bahr al Ra’iq, Kitāb al Taharāt, vol 1 pg 74

الثَّالِثُ: أَنَّهُمْ قَدْ صَرَّحُوا بِأَنَّ الْمَاءَ الْمُسْتَعْمَلَ عَلَى الْقَوْلِ بِطَهَارَتِهِ إذَا اخْتَلَطَ بِالْمَاءِ الطَّهُورِ لَا يُخْرِجُهُ عَنْ الطَّهُورِيَّةِ إلَّا إذَا غَلَبَهُ أَوْ سَاوَاهُ إمَّا إذَا كَانَ مَغْلُوبًا فَلَا يُخْرِجُهُ عَنْ الطَّهُورِيَّةِ فَيَجُوزُ الْوُضُوءُ بِالْكُلِّ، وَهُوَ بِإِطْلَاقِهِ يَشْمَلُ مَا إذَا اُسْتُعْمِلَ الْمَاءُ خَارِجًا ثُمَّ أَلْقَى الْمَاءَ الْمُسْتَعْمَلَ وَاخْتَلَطَ بِالطَّهُورِ أَوْ انْغَمَسَ فِي الْمَاءِ الطَّهُورِ لَا فَرْقَ بَيْنَهُمَا يَدُلُّ عَلَيْهِ مَا فِي الْبَدَائِعِ فِي الْكَلَامِ عَلَى حَدِيثِ «لَا يَبُولَنَّ أَحَدُكُمْ فِي الْمَاءِ الدَّائِمِ» لَا يُقَالُ إنَّهُ نَهْيٌ لِمَا فِيهِ مِنْ إخْرَاجِ الْمَاءِ مِنْ أَنْ يَكُونَ مُطَهِّرًا مِنْ غَيْرِ ضَرُورَةٍ وَذَلِكَ حَرَامٌ؛ لِأَنَّا نَقُولُ الْمَاءُ الْقَلِيلُ إنَّمَا يَخْرُجُ عَنْ كَوْنِهِ مُطَهِّرًا بِاخْتِلَاطِ غَيْرِ الْمُطَهِّرِ بِهِ إذَا كَانَ غَيْرُ الْمُطَهِّرِ غَالِبًا كَمَاءِ الْوَرْدِ وَاللَّبَنِ فَأَمَّا إذَا كَانَ مَغْلُوبًا فَلَا وَهَاهُنَا الْمَاءُ الْمُسْتَعْمَلُ مَا يُلَاقِي الْبَدَنَ وَلَا شَكَّ أَنَّ ذَلِكَ أَقَلُّ مِنْ غَيْرِ الْمُسْتَعْمَلِ فَكَيْفَ يَخْرُجُ بِهِ مِنْ أَنْ يَكُونَ مُطَهِّرًا

 

Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb Taharah , vol 1 p.182

(قَوْلُهُ: فَرَّقَ بَيْنَهُمَا) أَيْ بَيْنَ الْمُلْقَى وَالْمُلَاقِي حَيْثُ قَالَ: وَمَا ذُكِرَ مِنْ أَنَّ الِاسْتِعْمَالَ بِالْجُزْءِ الَّذِي يُلَاقِي جَسَدَهُ دُونَ بَاقِي الْمَاءِ فَيَصِيرُ ذَلِكَ الْجُزْءُ مُسْتَهْلَكًا فِي كَثِيرٍ فَهُوَ مَرْدُودٌ لِسَرَيَانِ الِاسْتِعْمَالِ فِي الْجَمِيعِ حُكْمًا، وَلَيْسَ كَالْغَالِبِ يُصَبُّ يَصُبُّ الْقَلِيلُ مِنْ الْمَاءِ فِيهِ اهـ

وَحَاصِلُهُ الرَّدُّ عَلَى مَا مَرَّ عَنْ الْبَدَائِعِ بِأَنَّ الْمُحْدِثَ إذَا انْغَمَسَ أَوْ أَدْخَلَ يَدَهُ فِي الْمَاءِ صَارَ مُسْتَعْمِلًا لِجَمِيعِ الْمَاءِ حُكْمًا وَإِنْ كَانَ الْمُسْتَعْمَلُ حَقِيقَةً هُوَ الْمُلَاقِي لِلْعُضْوِ فَقَطْ بِخِلَافِ مَا لَوْ أُلْقِيَ فِيهِ الْمُسْتَعْمَلُ الْقَلِيلُ فَإِنَّهُ لَا يُحْكَمُ عَلَى الْجَمِيعِ بِالِاسْتِعْمَالِ؛ لِأَنَّ الْمُحْدِثَ لَمْ يَسْتَعْمِلْ شَيْئًا مِنْهُ حَتَّى يَدَّعِيَ ذَلِكَ، إنَّمَا الْمُسْتَعْمَلُ حَقِيقَةً وَحُكْمًا هُوَ ذَلِكَ الْمُلْقَى فَقَطْ. وَمُلَخَّصُهُ: أَنَّ الْمُلْقَى لَا يَصِيرُ بِهِ الْمَاءُ مُسْتَعْمَلًا إلَّا بِالْغَلَبَةِ، بِخِلَافِ الْمُلَاقِي فَإِنَّ الْمَاءَ يَصِيرُ مُسْتَعْمَلًا كُلَّهُ بِمُجَرَّدِ مُلَاقَاةِ الْعُضْوِ لَهُ.

وَرَدَ ذَلِكَ فِي الْبَحْرِ بِأَنَّهُ لَا مَعْنَى لِلْفَرْقِ الْمَذْكُورِ؛ لِأَنَّ الشُّيُوعَ وَالِاخْتِلَاطَ فِي الصُّورَتَيْنِ سَوَاءٌ، بَلْ لِقَائِلٍ أَنْ يَقُولَ إلْقَاءُ الْغُسَالَةِ مِنْ الْخَارِجِ أَقْوَى تَأْثِيرًا مِنْ غَيْرِهِ لِتَعَيُّنِ الْمُسْتَعْمَلِ فِيهِ اهـ وَبِذَلِكَ أَمَرَ الشَّارِحُ بِالتَّأَمُّلِ. وَاعْلَمْ أَنَّ هَذِهِ الْمَسْأَلَةَ مِمَّا تَحَيَّرَتْ فِيهَا أَفْهَامُ الْعُلَمَاءِ الْأَعْلَامِ وَوَقَعَ فِيهَا بَيْنَهُمْ النِّزَاعُ وَشَاعَ وَذَاعَ، وَأَلَّفَ فِيهَا الْعَلَّامَةُ قَاسِمٌ رِسَالَةً سَمَّاهَا رَفْعُ الِاشْتِبَاهِ عَنْ مَسْأَلَةِ الْمِيَاهِ حَقَّقَ فِيهَا عَدَمَ الْفَرْقِ بَيْنَ الْمُلْقَى وَالْمُلَاقِي: أَيْ فَلَا يَصِيرُ الْمَاءُ مُسْتَعْمَلًا بِمُجَرَّدِ الْمُلَاقَاةِ، بَلْ تُعْتَبَرُ الْغَلَبَةُ فِي الْمُلَاقِي كَمَا تُعْتَبَرُ فِي الْمُلْقَى، وَوَافَقَهُ بَعْضُ أَهْلِ عَصْرِهِ. تَعَقَّبَهُ غَيْرُهُمْ مِنْهُمْ تِلْمِيذُهُ الْعَلَّامَةُ عَبْدُ الْبَرِّ بْنُ الشِّحْنَةِ فَرَدَّ عَلَيْهِ بِرِسَالَةٍ سَمَّاهَا زَهْرُ الرَّوْضِ فِي مَسْأَلَةِ الْحَوْضِ وَقَالَ: لَا تَغَيُّرَ بِمَا ذَكَرَهُ شَيْخُنَا الْعَلَّامَةُ قَاسِمٌ. وَرَدَّ عَلَيْهِ أَيْضًا فِي شَرْحِهِ عَلَى الْوَهْبَانِيَّةِ، وَاسْتَدَلَّ بِمَا فِي الْخَانِيَّةِ وَغَيْرِهَا لَوْ أَدْخَلَ يَدَهُ أَوْ رِجْلَهُ فِي الْإِنَاءِ لِلتَّبَرُّدِ يَصِيرُ الْمَاءُ مُسْتَعْمَلًا لِانْعِدَامِ الضَّرُورَةِ وَبِمَا فِي الْأَسْرَارِ لِلْإِمَامِ أَبِي زَيْدٍ الدَّبُوسِيِّ حَيْثُ ذَكَرَ مَا مَرَّ عَنْ الْبَدَائِعِ.

ثُمَّ قَالَ: إلَّا أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا يَقُولُ لَمَّا اغْتَسَلَ فِي الْمَاءِ الْقَلِيلِ صَارَ الْكُلُّ مُسْتَعْمَلًا حُكْمًا اهـ وَمِنْ هُنَا نَشَأَ الْفَرْقُ السَّابِقُ وَبِهِ أَفْتَى الْعَلَّامَةُ ابْنُ الشَّلَبِيِّ، وَانْتَصَرَ فِي الْبَحْرِ لِلْعَلَّامَةِ قَاسِمٍ وَأَلَّفَ رِسَالَةً سَمَّاهَا الْخَيْرُ الْبَاقِي فِي الْوُضُوءِ مِنْ الْفَسَاقِيِ وَأَجَابَ عَمَّا اسْتَدَلَّ بِهِ ابْنُ الشِّحْنَةِ بِأَنَّهُ مَبْنِيٌّ عَلَى الْقَوْلِ الضَّعِيفِ بِنَجَاسَةِ الْمَاءِ الْمُسْتَعْمَلِ، وَمَعْلُومٌ أَنَّ النَّجَاسَةَ وَلَوْ قَلِيلَةً تُفْسِدُ الْمَاءَ الْقَلِيلَ، وَأَقَرَّهُ الْعَلَّامَةُ الْبَاقَانِيُّ وَالشَّيْخُ إسْمَاعِيلُ النَّابُلُسِيُّ وَوَلَدُهُ سَيِّدِي عَبْدُ الْغَنِيِّ وَكَذَا فِي النَّهْرِ وَالْمِنَحِ، وَعَلِمْت أَيْضًا مُوَافَقَتَهُ لِلْمُحَقِّقِ ابْنِ أَمِيرٍ الْحَاجِّ وَقَارِئِ الْهِدَايَةِ، وَإِلَيْهِ يَمِيلُ كَلَامُ الْعَلَّامَةِ نُوحٍ أَفَنْدِي، ثُمَّ رَأَيْت الشَّارِحَ فِي الْخَزَائِنِ مَالَ إلَى تَرْجِيحِهِ وَقَالَ إنَّهُ الَّذِي حَرَّرَهُ صَاحِبُ الْبَحْرِ بَعْدَ اطِّلَاعِهِ عَلَى كُتُبِ الْمَذْهَبِ وَنَقْلِهِ عِبَارَاتِهَا الْمُضْطَرِبَةَ ظَاهِرًا، وَعَلَى مَا أَلَّفَ فِي هَذَا الْخُصُوصِ مِنْ الرَّسَائِلِ وَأَقَامَ عَلَى هَذِهِ الدَّعْوَى الصَّادِقَةِ الْبَيِّنَةَ الْعَادِلَةَ، وَقَدْ حُرِّرَتْ فِي ذَلِكَ رِسَالَةٌ حَافِلَةٌ كَافِلَةٌ بِذَلِكَ مُتَضَمِّنَةٌ لِتَحْقِيقِ مَا هُنَاكَ، وَبَلَغَنِي أَنَّ شَيْخَنَا الشَّيْخَ شَرَفَ الدِّينِ الْغَزِّيِّ مُحَشِّي الْأَشْبَاهِ مَالَ إلَى ذَلِكَ كَذَلِكَ اهـ مُلَخَّصًا.

Fatawa Mahmoodiya, Kitāb al Taharāt, vol 5 pg 121

ماء مستعمل سے وضوء جائز نہیں لیکن اگر  ماء مستعمل اور غیر  مستعمل مخلوط ہوں  اور غیر  مستعمل زیادہ ہوں تو جائز ہے  کیونکہ  مفتی بہ اور مختار قول کے مطابق  ماۓ مستعمل طاھر غیر مطھر  ہے۔ جب لوٹے  میں ایک انگلی یا گھڑے میں چند انگلياں ڈوب جايئں تو اس سے وہ تمام يا اکثر  مستعمل نہيں ہوتا بلکہ جس قدر  حصہ ماء سے  انگلی ملاقی ہوگی اس قدر حصہ مستعمل ہوگا  اور وہ بہت ہی قلیل مقدار  ہے۔

 

 

[4] Al Bahr al Ra’iq, Kitāb al Taharāt, vol 1 pg 74

وَقَالَ فِي مَوْضِعٍ آخَرَ فِيمَنْ وَقَعَ فِي الْبِئْرِ، فَإِنْ كَانَ عَلَى بَدَنِهِ نَجَاسَةٌ حُكْمِيَّةٌ بِأَنْ كَانَ مُحْدِثًا أَوْ جُنُبًا أَوْ حَائِضًا أَوْ نُفَسَاءَ فَعَلَى قَوْلِ مَنْ لَمْ يَجْعَلْ هَذَا الْمَاءَ مُسْتَعْمَلًا لَا يُنْزَحُ شَيْءٌ وَكَذَا عَلَى قَوْلِ مَنْ جَعَلَهُ مُسْتَعْمَلًا وَجَعَلَ الْمُسْتَعْمَلَ طَاهِرًا؛ لِأَنَّ غَيْرَ الْمُسْتَعْمَلِ أَكْثَرُ فَلَا يَخْرُجُ عَنْ كَوْنِهِ طَهُورًا مَا لَمْ يَكُنْ الْمُسْتَعْمَلُ غَالِبًا عَلَيْهِ كَمَا لَوْ صَبَّ اللَّبَنَ فِي الْبِئْرِ بِالْإِجْمَاعِ أَوْ بَالَتْ شَاةٌ فِيهَا عِنْدَ مُحَمَّدٍ اهـ

….….وَفِي الْخُلَاصَةِ جُنُبٌ اغْتَسَلَ فَانْتَضَحَ مِنْ غُسْلِهِ شَيْءٌ فِي إنَائِهِ لَمْ يَفْسُدْ عَلَيْهِ الْمَاءُ أَمَّا إذَا كَانَ يَسِيلُ فِيهِ سَيَلَانًا أَفْسَدَهُ وَكَذَا حَوْضُ الْحَمَّامِ عَلَى هَذَا وَعَلَى قَوْلِ مُحَمَّدٍ لَا يُفْسِدُهُ مَا لَمْ يَغْلِبْ عَلَيْهِ يَعْنِي لَا يُخْرِجُهُ مِنْ الطَّهُورِيَّةِ اهـ.

 

Fatawa Mahmoodiya, Kitāb al Taharāt,al fasl uth thaalith fil hawdh vol 5 pg 169. pg 172

–1 ہندوستانی مسجد کے حوض سے وضؤ

 -2حوض میں کلی مسواک اور پیر کو دھونا – جواب وہ حوض جو دہ در دہ ہے وہ ان چیزوں سے ناپاک نہیں ہوگا

 

 

Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb Taharah , vol 1 p.182

قُلْت: وَفِي ذَلِكَ تَوْسِعَةٌ عَظِيمَةٌ وَلَا سِيَّمَا فِي زَمَنِ انْقِطَاعِ الْمِيَاهِ عَنْ حِيَاضِ الْمَسَاجِدِ وَغَيْرِهَا فِي بِلَادِنَا وَلَكِنَّ الِاحْتِيَاطَ لَا يَخْفَى، فَيَنْبَغِي لِمَنْ يُبْتَلَى بِذَلِكَ أَنْ لَا يَغْسِلَ أَعْضَاءَهُ فِي ذَلِكَ الْحَوْضِ الصَّغِيرِ بَلْ يَغْتَرِفُ مِنْهُ وَيَغْسِلُ خَارِجَهُ وَإِنْ وَقَعَتْ الْغُسَالَةُ فِيهِ لِيَكُونَ مِنْ الْمُلْقَى لَا مِنْ الْمُلَاقِي الَّذِي فِيهِ النِّزَاعُ، فَإِنَّ هَذَا الْمَقَامَ فِيهِ لِلْمَقَالِ مَجَالٌ وَاَللَّهُ تَعَالَى أَعْلَمُ بِحَقِيقَةِ الْحَالِ

Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb Taharah , vol 1 p.201

اخْتُلِفَ فِي مُحْدِثٍ انْغَمَسَ فِي بِئْرٍ لِدَلْوٍ أَوْ تَبَرَّدَ مُسْتَنْجِيًا بِالْمَاءِ وَلَا نَجَسَ عَلَيْهِ وَلَمْ يَنْوِ وَلَمْ يَتَدَلَّكْ وَالْأَصَحُّ أَنَّهُ طَاهِرٌ وَالْمَاءُ مُسْتَعْمَلٌ لِاشْتِرَاطِ الِانْفِصَالِ لِلِاسْتِعْمَالِ، وَالْمُرَادُ أَنَّ مَا اتَّصَلَ بِأَعْضَائِهِ وَانْفَصَلَ عَنْهَا مُسْتَعْمَلٌ لَا كُلُّ الْمَاءِ عَلَى مَا مَرَّ.

 

 

[5] Al Bahr al Ra’iq, Kitāb al Taharāt, vol 1 pg 104

فَعَلَى هَذَا قَوْلُهُمْ صَارَ الْمَاءُ مُسْتَعْمَلًا مَعْنَاهُ صَارَ الْمَاءُ الْمُلَاقِي لِلْبَدَنِ مُسْتَعْمَلًا لَا أَنَّ جَمِيعَ مَاءِ الْبِئْرِ صَارَ مُسْتَعْمَلًا وَقَيَّدْنَا بِقَوْلِنَا لَيْسَ عَلَى أَعْضَائِهِ نَجَاسَةٌ حَقِيقِيَّةٌ؛ لِأَنَّهُ لَوْ كَانَ كَذَلِكَ لَتَنَجَّسَ الْمَاءُ اتِّفَاقًا

 

….…. فَإِذَا عَرَفْت هَذَا لَمْ تَتَأَخَّرْ عَنْ الْحُكْمِ بِصِحَّةِ الْوُضُوءِ مِنْ الْفَسَاقِي الْمَوْضُوعَةِ فِي الْمَدَارِسِ عِنْدَ عَدَمِ غَلَبَةِ الظَّنِّ بِغَلَبَةِ الْمَاءِ الْمُسْتَعْمَلِ أَوْ وُقُوعِ نَجَاسَةٍ فِي الصِّغَارِ مِنْهَا

 

Al Bahr al Ra’iq, Kitāb al Taharāt, vol 1 pg 78

أي لا يتوضأ بماء ساكن وقعت فيه نجاسة مطلقا سواء تغير أحد أوصافه أو لا ولم يبلغ الماء عشرة أذرع في عشرة

Fatawa Hindiyya, Kitab Al Taharah, vol 1 p. 18

 

والفاصل بين الكثير والقليل أنه إذا كان الماء بحيث يخلص بعضه إلى بعض بأن تصل النجاسة من الجزء المستعمل إلى الجانب الآخر فهو قليل وإلا فكثير قال أبو سليمان الجوزجاني أن كان عشرا في عشر فهو مما لا يخلص وبه اخذ عامة المشايخ رحمهم الله هكذا في المحيط

Fatawa Mahmoodiya, Kitāb al Taharāt, vol 5 pg 169

-حوض کی لمبائ چوڑائی اور گھرائی

See Athmaarul Hidaya, Kitāb al Taharāt, vol 1 pg 127  For more details on pool sizes.

 

Buying and Selling Kittens

jknfatawa1 Finance

11th October 2022

 

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته

Question:  Can I buy a family of kittens and their mother online and pay for them? Is this Haram.



In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

Answer: Thank for your query. It is generally permissible to buy and sell kittens and cats just like other goods are purchased online. The sale of cats and kittens has been permitted because they serve many benefits such as hunting mice or other harmful rodents and insects. Moreover, they are generally not harmful animals either and can be easily domesticated. For this reason, the ownership of a kitten is a source of benefit to its owner and the seller is allowed to benefit from the money gained via such sale.[1]

A final note on this is that if cats or any other halal pets are sold online then it is necessary to ensure all safety measures are met when delivered to their new owners, so they don’t suffer any harm.

 

 

[Allāh Knows Best]

 

 

 

Written by:  Mufti Anas Mullah        Reviewed by: Mufti Abdul Waheed

Attested by: Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam  

JKN Fatawa Department

 

 

[1] Al Bahr al Raaiq, Kitaabul Buyoo, Bab as Salam,

ويجوز بيع الهرة لأنها تصطاد الفأرة والهوام المؤذية فهي منتفع بها ولا يجوز بيع هوام الأرض كالخنافس والعقارب والفأرة والنمل والوزغ والقنافذ والضب ولا هوام البحر كالضفدع والسرطان

 

Raddul Muhtaar, Kitab al Buyoo’, Bab al bay’ al faasid, Matlabun fi bay’I doodatil qurmuz, volume 5, p68

ويجوز بيع البازي والشاهين والصقر وأمثالها والهرة، ويضمن متلفها، لا بيع الحدأة والرخمة وأمثالهما ويجوز بيع ريشها، اهـ لكن في الخانية
بيع الكلب المعلم عندنا جائز، وكذا السنور، وسباع الوحش والطير جائز معلما أو غير معلم، وبيع الفيل جائز

 

Fatawa Hindiyya, Kitaabul Buyoo, vol 3, p114

ويجوز بيع جميع الحيوانات سوى الخنزير وهو المختار كذا في جواهر الأخلاطي

 

 

Is Zakāt Necessary if the Borrower Does not Pay Back?

jknfatawa1 Zakat & Charity

10th October 2022

 

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته

Question: If you have lent somebody money and have already been paying Zakāt on it for several years but no longer have hope of ever receiving that money back, must you continue to pay Zakāt on it or not?

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

Answer: Thank for your query. In relation to your query, a loan given out to someone which now leads you to believe that you will not receive that money ever again falls under the similar ruling as Mal-e-Dhimaar which means inaccessible wealth whereby a person has lost hope of receiving their wealth back or the borrower denies the debt and no evidence or claim can be made against them.[1] The ruling for such debts is that you are no longer required to pay Zakāt on this wealth as it is out of your control.[2] After losing all hopes, if by chance the borrower ends up returning your money many years later and it fulfils all of the necessary conditions of Zakāt, then Zakāt would be necessary for that year only and not for the previous years.

 

[Allāh Knows Best]

 

 

Written by:  Mufti Anas Mullah        Reviewed by: Mufti Abdul Waheed

Attested by: Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

 

 

 

[1] Hidaayah, Kitaab uz Zakāt, vol 1, p 96

وهي مسئلة مال الضمار وفيه خلاف زفر والشافعي رحمهما الله ومن جملته المال المفقود والآبق والضال والمغصوب إذا لم يكن عليه بينة والمال الساقط في البحر والمدفون في المفازة إذا نسي مكانه والذي أخذه السلطان مصادرة ووجوب صدقة الفطر بسبب الآبق والضال والمغصوب على هذا الخلاف لهما أن السبب قد تحقق وفوات اليد غير مخل بالوجوب كمال ابن السبيل ولنا قول علي رضي الله عنه لا زكاة في مال الضمار ولأن السبب هو المال النامي ولا نماء إلا بالقدرة على التصرف ولا قدرة عليه وابن السبيل يقدر بنائبه والمدفون في البيت نصاب لتيسر الوصول إليه وفي المدفون في أرض أو كرم اختلاف المشايخ ولو كان الدين على مقر مليء أو معسر تجب الزكاة لإمكان الوصول إليه ابتداء

[2] Al Bahr al Raa’iq, Kitaab uz Zakāt, vol 2, p 222

وفي الشرع هو نوعان حقيقي وتقديري فالحقيقي الزيادة بالتوالد والتناسل والتجارات، والتقديري تمكنه من الزيادة بكون المال في يده أو في يد نائبه فلا زكاة على من لم يتمكن منها في ماله كمال الضمار، وهو في اللغة الغائب الذي لا يرجى فإذا رجي فليس بضمار، وأصله الإضمار، وهو التغييب والإخفاء، ومنه أضمر في قلبه شيئا، وفي الشرع كل مال غير مقدور الانتفاع به مع قيام أصل الملك كذا في البدائع فما في فتح القدير من أن مهر المرأة التي تبين أنها أمة، ودية اللحية التي تنبت بعد حلقها، والمال المتصادق على عدم وجوبه،

 

Ibn Abideen Shaami, Kitaab uz Zakāt, vol 1, p 266

قَوْلُهُ لَا زَكَاةَ فِي مَالِ الضِّمَارِ) الضِّمَارُ بِالضَّادِ الْمُعْجَمَةِ بِوَزْنِ حِمَارٍ. قَالَ فِي الْبَحْرِ: وَهُوَ فِي اللُّغَةِ الْغَائِبُ الَّذِي لَا يُرْجَى، فَإِذَا رُجِيَ لَيْسَ بِضِمَارٍ، وَأَصْلُهُ الْإِضْمَارُ، وَهُوَ التَّغْيِيبُ وَالْإِخْفَاءُ، وَمِنْهُ أَضْمَرَ فِي قَلْبِهِ شَيْئًا

 

Do Benefits Equate to Nafaqah?

jknfatawa1 Marriage

17th September 2022

  

Question: If the wife receives tax credit benefits which suffices for her needs but also asks the husband on top of that to give her the nafaqah (marital expenses); can he refuse paying nafaqah? Also kindly explain how nafaqah works in Islām.

 

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

 

Answer

To begin with tax credit is a government pay-out of extra income to individuals to support them with their basic living costs. As there are many forms of tax credits the most common ones which presumably you are referring to are working tax credits and child tax credit. Working tax credit are for those employees or self-employed individuals with low income, earning below the minimum threshold whereas child tax credit in addition to child benefit is for those responsible for children. The government calculates your annual income and then tops it up with additional revenue so to meet the minimal threshold of your yearly income.[1] This scheme like other benefit schemes provided by the government for struggling parents and workers Islamically does not absolve the husband from his legal responsibility of nafaqah towards his wife and children. In other words, he must still pay nafaqah towards her and for his children.

Nafaqah by definition as Shaykh Wahbah Zuhayli rahimahullah explains is to spend from ones earning and provide adequate essentials for one’s family (in this case, wife and children) such as food, clothes, cooking utensils, cleaning assets for the home, cutlery etc and shelter to the best of one’s ability. Commencing with his wife (and children) in maintenance is essential as advised by the Messenger of Allāh sallallahu alayhi wasallam (as will be mentioned below).[2] The following conditions must be fulfilled according to the Hanafi jurists for nafaqah to be necessary;

  1. The Nikāh between them should be valid that is, adopting all of the necessary Islamic conditions for the relationship between them to be Halāl. Hence, nafaqah is not necessary nor can be demanded if their Nikāh was not valid (Nikāh Fasid).[3]
  2. The wife to relocate to her husband’s accommodation and his right to retain her after marriage. This means that in order for her to be eligible for nafaqah, she must live with him permanently after marriage and not to prevent him from intimacy thereafter. This also includes if she intends to relocate but he refuses to accommodate her, even so she is entitled to nafaqah because the prevention is from him instead from her.[4] If she refuses to move in with him without a valid reason or constantly leaves the home without his permission then he is not obliged to pay nafaqah to her because she now becomes a nashizah – disobeying wife.[5]

The man’s obligation to provide nafaqah is established through sound evidence from the Quran and Sunnah. Allāh Almighty states in the Quran, Men are maintainers (qawwamūn) over women because of that which Allāh has conferred (favours) over each of them and because of them (men) spending from their wealth.”[6] The term Qawwām implies to many meanings such as leader, protector, provider and maintainer. In this context it refers to financial maintenance. The great Tafsīr master Imām Qurtubi rahimahullah comments under this verse that Allāh has conferred men over women for financially providing for them, thus if he fails to financially secure her then he is not fulfilling his duty of Qawwām as of which, she can legally demand for her marriage to be annulled through an Islamic judicial process.[7] It is reported that a man once asked the Messenger of Allāh sallallahu alayhi wasallam about the wife’s right over her husband, to which he responded, “To feed her when he eats, to cloth her when he dresses, he does not strike her in the face, does not ridicule her and nor he separates from her except in the home.”[8]  It is evident from the above that it is a man’s legal duty to financially secure the needs of his wife and children by providing from his own earnings. Government benefits are not coming from him so in that respect he is not classed as a provider. Ibn Abidīn Shamī rahimahullah, a renowned Hanafi jurist mentions that despite she has her own wealth, she can still ask for expenses;

(And the husband is to spend on her by himself) because he is a Qawwām over her, not so he can take the residue because what has been stipulated for her or given to her is for her ownership…………that if she eats from her wealth or asks (from others for money) then she can reclaim from him the stipulated amount.”[9]

Ibn Nujaym rahimahullah also mentions the same as above except that he adds that after stipulating maintenance for her in addition to benefits, if she utilises all of the money before the agreed date of her next payment between them, then she cannot demand any more from him until her next due payment. He states;

This indicates also that if she lavishly spends and consumes her expenses of the month before its passing (i.e. passing of the month) and she is in need then he will not stipulate any more for her, like as though her expenses perished.” [10]  

Furthermore, the jurists mention that if he married a wealthy woman (or possesses wealth of her own) then he is still legally obliged to provide for her. The amount however is determined by the moderate standard agreed between them. Ibn Nujaym rahimahullah states;

If he is poor and she is rich then the expenses (to the standard) of poverty is necessary because when she married a poor then she consented to the expenses of a poor. Nevertheless, the adopted fatwa is that the expenses of moderate (standard) is necessary in both scenarios (regardless of who is poor or wealthy) and that (amount) which is above poverty (standard) and below affluence.”[11]    

A few points can be concluded from the above,

  1. In Islām, the husband is the breadwinner which is to maintain his wife and children by spending on them from his own earnings. Government benefits are there to provide additional financial support for people with low income. This itself does not equate to nafaqah nor absolve him from his financial duties as the additional support is not from him. This is similar to the case if his wife is wealthy or earns for herself, even so the jurists mention that he still remains financially responsible.
  2. To spend moderately on his family. The Shariah has not stipulated any amount nor fixed a time period of maintenance (e.g. weekly or monthly). Both of these would be determined mutually between the couple based on his financial circumstance. Providing the basics such as; food, clothing, grocery shopping, household essentials, bills etc are the least to fulfil his financial obligation.
  3. If the agreed amount is not sufficient for her basic needs, then she can ask for more in which case he cannot refuse when he is able to provide for her.[12] The Messenger of Allāh sallallahu alayhi wasallam once advised Abu Sufyān’s wife to take that which is sufficient for you and for your child after he refused to spend on them.[13]
  4. Finally, after fulfilling his basic right she cannot impose any further financial demands on him such as, demanding more to lavishly spend on herself or to purchase items beyond necessity like expensive clothes etc. In this case, he is not obliged to give her more Islamically.

 

[Allãh Knows Best]

 

 

Written and researched by (Mufti) Abdul Waheed

Answer Attested by Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

 

 

 

[1] Richardson, D. (2022), What are Tax Credits? Available at: What are tax credits? – Which? [accessed 2nd September 2022]

[2] Zuhayli, Fiqhul Islami wa adillatihu, vol 7 p. 723

مبادئ عامة في النفقات

معنى النفقة وأسبابها: النفقة مشتقة من الإنفاق: وهو الإخراج، ولا يستعمل إلا في الخير. وجمعها نفقات. وهي لغة: ما ينفقه الإنسان على عياله. وهي في الأصل: الدراهم من الأموال. وشرعاً: هي كفاية من يمونه من الطعام والكسوة والسكنى (1). وعرفاً هي الطعام. والطعام: يشمل الخبز والأُدم والشرب. والكسوة: السترة والغطاء. والسكنى: تشمل البيت ومتاعه ومرافقه من ثمن الماء ودهن المصباح وآلة التنظيف والخدمة ونحوها بحسب العرف.

نفقة تجب للإنسان على نفسه إذا قدر عليها، وعليه أن يقدمها على نفقة غيره، لقوله صلّى الله عليه وسلم: «ابدأ بنفسك، ثم بمن تعول» (1) أي بمن تجب عليك نفقته.

 

[3] Fatawa Hindiyyah, Kitābus Talāq, vol 1, p.570

[الْبَابُ السَّابِعُ عَشَرَ فِي النَّفَقَاتِ وَفِيهِ سِتَّةُ فُصُولٍ]

[الْفَصْلُ الْأَوَّلُ فِي نَفَقَةِ الزَّوْجَةِ]

وَلَا نَفَقَةَ فِي النِّكَاحِ الْفَاسِدِ، وَلَا فِي الْعِدَّةِ مِنْهُ، وَلَوْ كَانَ النِّكَاحُ صَحِيحًا مِنْ حَيْثُ الظَّاهِرُ فَفَرَضَ الْقَاضِي لَهَا النَّفَقَةَ

 

Kasān, Badā’i Sanāi, Kitāb Nafaqah, vol 5 p. 117

عَلَى هَذَا الْأَصْلِ يَنْبَنِي أَنَّهُ لَا نَفَقَةَ عَلَى مُسْلِمٍ فِي نِكَاحٍ فَاسِدٍ لِانْعِدَامِ سَبَبِ الْوُجُوبِ وَهُوَ حَقُّ الْحَبْسِ الثَّابِتِ لِلزَّوْجِ عَلَيْهَا بِسَبَبِ النِّكَاحِ؛ لِأَنَّ حَقَّ الْحَبْسِ لَا يَثْبُتُ فِي النِّكَاحِ الْفَاسِدِ وَكَذَا النِّكَاحُ الْفَاسِدُ لَيْسَ بِنِكَاحٍ حَقِيقَةً وَكَذَا فِي عِدَّةٍ مِنْهُ إنْ ثَبَتَ حَقُّ الْحَبْسِ

 

[4] Kasān, Badā’i Sanāi, Kitāb Nafaqah, vol 5 p. 114

وَلَنَا أَنَّ حَقَّ الْحَبْسِ الثَّابِتِ لِلزَّوْجِ عَلَيْهَا بِسَبَبِ النِّكَاحِ مُؤَثِّرٌ فِي اسْتِحْقَاقِ النَّفَقَةِ لَهَا عَلَيْهِ لِمَا بَيَّنَّا

 

Kasān, Badā’i Sanāi, Kitāb Nafaqah, vol 5 p. 128

أَمَّا الْأَوَّلُ فَتَسْلِيمُ الْمَرْأَةِ نَفْسَهَا إلَى الزَّوْجِ وَقْتَ وُجُوبِ التَّسْلِيمِ وَنَعْنِي بِالتَّسْلِيمِ: التَّخْلِيَةَ وَهِيَ أَنْ تَخْلِي بَيْنَ نَفْسِهَا وَبَيْنَ زَوْجِهَا بِرَفْعِ الْمَانِعِ مِنْ وَطْئِهَا أَوْ الِاسْتِمْتَاعِ بِهَا حَقِيقَةً إذَا كَانَ الْمَانِعُ مِنْ قِبَلِهَا أَوْ مِنْ قِبَلِ غَيْرِ الزَّوْجِ فَإِنْ لَمْ يُوجَدْ التَّسْلِيمُ عَلَى هَذَا التَّفْسِيرِ وَقْتَ وُجُوبِ التَّسْلِيمِ؛ فَلَا نَفَقَةَ لَهَا وَعَلَى هَذَا يُخَرَّجُ مَسَائِلُ: إذَا تَزَوَّجَ بَالِغَةً حُرَّةً صَحِيحَةً سَلِيمَةً وَنَقَلَهَا إلَى بَيْتِهِ فَلَهَا النَّفَقَةُ لِوُجُودِ سَبَبِ الْوُجُوبِ وَشَرْطِهِ وَكَذَلِكَ إذَا لَمْ يَنْقُلْهَا وَهِيَ بِحَيْثُ لَا تَمْنَعُ نَفْسَهَا وَطَلَبَتْ النَّفَقَةَ وَلَمْ يُطَالِبْهَا بِالنُّقْلَةِ فَلَهَا النَّفَقَةُ؛ لِأَنَّهُ وُجِدَ سَبَبُ الْوُجُوبِ وَهُوَ اسْتِحْقَاقُ الْحَبْسِ وَشَرْطُهُ وَهُوَ التَّسْلِيمُ عَلَى التَّفْسِيرِ الَّذِي ذَكَرْنَا

 

[5] Valid reason for not relocating could include for instance, he has not paid her mahr yet, then she is eligible for nafaqah and can restrain herself from relocating until he pays her, her full mahr.

 

Ibn Nujaym, Bahr Rāiq, Kitābus Talāq, vol 4 p. 303

(قَوْلُهُ لَا نَاشِزَةٍ) بِالْجَرِّ عَطْفٌ عَلَى الزَّوْجَةِ أَيْ لَا تَجِبُ النَّفَقَةُ لِلنَّاشِزَةِ وَهِيَ فِي اللُّغَةِ الْعِصَابَةُ عَلَى الزَّوْجِ الْمُبْغِضَةُ لَهُ، يُقَالُ نَشَزَتْ الْمَرْأَةُ عَلَى زَوْجِهَا فَهِيَ نَاشِزَةٌ، وَعَنْ الزَّجَّاجِ النُّشُوزُ يَكُونُ بَيْنَ الزَّوْجَيْنِ وَهِيَ كَرَاهَةُ كُلِّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا صَاحِبَهُ، كَذَا فِي الْمُغْرِبِ وَفِي الشَّرْعِ كَمَا قَالَ الْإِمَامُ الْخَصَّافُ الْخَارِجَةُ عَنْ مَنْزِلِ زَوْجِهَا الْمَانِعَةُ نَفْسَهَا مِنْهُ وَالْمُرَادُ بِالْخُرُوجِ كَوْنُهَا فِي غَيْرِ مَنْزِلِهِ بِغَيْرِ إذْنِهِ لِيَشْمَلَ مَا إذَا امْتَنَعَتْ عَنْ الْمَجِيءِ إلَى مَنْزِلِهِ ابْتِدَاءً بِغَيْرِ إيفَاءِ مُعَجَّلِ مَهْرِهَا وَمَا إذَا خَرَجَتْ مِنْ مَنْزِلِهِ بَعْدَ الِانْتِقَالِ إلَيْهِ وَأَطْلَقَ الْخُرُوجَ فَشَمِلَ الْحَقِيقِيَّ وَالْحُكْمِيَّ وَهُوَ عَدَمُ تَمْكِينِهَا لَهُ مِنْ الدُّخُولِ فِي مَنْزِلِهَا الَّذِي يَسْكُنَانِ فِيهِ قَبْلَ أَنْ تَسْأَلَهُ النُّقْلَةَ؛ لِأَنَّهَا كَالْخَارِجَةِ،

 

[6] Surah Nisa [4:34]

 

[7] The right demanding dissolution is according to the Maliki and Shafi’ee School, but not according to the Hanafi school. Later Hanafi scholars have adopted the Maliki position of her right to demand a dissolution for not financially maintaining for her. Tafseer Qurtubi vol 5 p. 168-169

فِيهِ إِحْدَى عَشْرَةَ مَسْأَلَةً: الْأُولَى- قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: (الرِّجالُ قَوَّامُونَ عَلَى النِّساءِ) ابْتِدَاءٌ وَخَبَرٌ، أَيْ يَقُومُونَ بِالنَّفَقَةِ عَلَيْهِنَّ وَالذَّبِّ عَنْهُنَّ، وَأَيْضًا فَإِنَّ فِيهِمُ الْحُكَّامَ وَالْأُمَرَاءَ وَمَنْ يَغْزُو، وَلَيْسَ ذَلِكَ فِي النِّسَاءِ.ثالثة- فهم العلماء من قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: (وَبِما أَنْفَقُوا مِنْ أَمْوالِهِمْ) أَنَّهُ مَتَى عَجَزَ عَنْ نَفَقَتِهَا لَمْ يَكُنْ قَوَّامًا عَلَيْهَا، وَإِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ قَوَّامًا عَلَيْهَا كَانَ لَهَا فَسْخُ الْعَقْدِ، لِزَوَالِ الْمَقْصُودِ الَّذِي شُرِعَ لِأَجْلِهِ النِّكَاحُ. وَفِيهِ دَلَالَةٌ وَاضِحَةٌ مِنْ هَذَا الْوَجْهِ عَلَى ثُبُوتِ فَسْخِ النِّكَاحِ عِنْدَ الْإِعْسَارِ بِالنَّفَقَةِ وَالْكُسْوَةِ، وَهُوَ مَذْهَبُ مَالِكٍ وَالشَّافِعِيِّ. وَقَالَ أَبُو حَنِيفَةَ: لَا يُفْسَخُ، لِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: (وَإِنْ كانَ ذُو عُسْرَةٍ فَنَظِرَةٌ إِلى مَيْسَرَةٍ «3») وَقَدْ تَقَدَّمَ الْقَوْلُ فِي هَذَا فِي هَذِهِ السُّورَةِ.

 

[8] Sunnan Ibn Majah, Hadeeth No: 1850

بَابُ حَقِّ الْمَرْأَةِ عَلَى الزَّوْجِ

حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا يَزِيدُ بْنُ هَارُونَ، عَنْ شُعْبَةَ، عَنْ أَبِي قَزْعَةَ، عَنْ حَكِيمِ بْنِ مُعَاوِيَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، أَنَّ رَجُلًا سَأَلَ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ مَا حَقُّ الْمَرْأَةِ عَلَى الزَّوْجِ؟ قَالَ: «أَنْ يُطْعِمَهَا إِذَا طَعِمَ، وَأَنْ يَكْسُوَهَا إِذَا اكْتَسَى، وَلَا يَضْرِبِ الْوَجْهَ، وَلَا يُقَبِّحْ، وَلَا يَهْجُرْ إِلَّا فِي الْبَيْتِ»

 

[9] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitābus Talāq, vol 5 p. 292

بَابُ النَّفَقَةِ

(وَلِلزَّوْجِ الْإِنْفَاقُ عَلَيْهَا بِنَفْسِهِ)

 وَلَوْ بَعْدَ فَرْضِ الْقَاضِي خُلَاصَةٌ (إلَّا أَنْ يَظْهَرَ لِلْقَاضِي عَدَمُ إنْفَاقِهِ فَيَفْرِضُ) أَيْ يُقَدِّرُ (لَهَا) بِطَلَبِهَا مَعَ حَضْرَتِهِ

(قَوْلُهُ وَلِلزَّوْجِ الْإِنْفَاقُ عَلَيْهَا بِنَفْسِهِ)

 لِكَوْنِهِ قَوَّامًا عَلَيْهَا لَا لِيَأْخُذَ مَا فَضَلَ، فَإِنَّ الْمَفْرُوضَةَ أَوْ الْمَدْفُوعَةَ لَهَا مِلْكٌ لَهَا، فَلَهَا الْإِطْعَامُ مِنْهَا وَالتَّصَدُّقُ، وَمُقْتَضَاهُ أَنَّهَا لَوْ أَمَرَتْهُ بِإِنْفَاقِ بَعْضِ الْمُقَرَّرِ لَهَا فَالْبَاقِي لَهَا أَوْ بِشِرَاءِ طَعَامٍ لَيْسَ لَهُ أَكْلُ مَا فَضَلَ عَنْهَا. وَفِي الْخَانِيَّةِ: لَوْ أَكَلَتْ مِنْ مَالِهَا أَوْ مِنْ الْمَسْأَلَةِ لَهَا الرُّجُوعُ عَلَيْهِ بِالْمَفْرُوضِ بَحْرٌ مُلَخَّصًا

 

 

[10] Ibn Nujaym, Bahr Rāiq, Kitābus Talāq, vol 4  p. 295

بَابُ النَّفَقَةِ

فَمُقْتَضَى التَّمْلِيكِ أَنَّ لَهَا ذَلِكَ كَمَا تَقَدَّمَ التَّصْرِيحُ بِهِ عَنْ الْخُلَاصَةِ وَالذَّخِيرَةِ فِي نَفَقَةِ الشَّهْرِ وَلَا فَرْقَ بَيْنَ نَفَقَةِ شَهْرٍ أَوْ يَوْمٍ، فَلَيْسَ فَائِدَةً أَنَّهُ يَلِي الْإِنْفَاقَ مَعَ فَرْضِ الْقَاضِي إلَّا لِكَوْنِهِ قَوَّامًا عَلَيْهَا لَا لِأَنَّهُ يَأْخُذُ مَا فَضَلَ وَعَلَى هَذَا لَوْ أَمَرَتْهُ امْرَأَتُهُ بِشِرَاءِ طَعَامٍ وَاشْتَرَى لَهَا فَأَكَلَتْ وَفَضَلَ شَيْءٌ وَاسْتَغْنَتْ عَنْهُ فِي يَوْمِهَا، فَلَيْسَ لَهُ أَكْلُهُ وَالتَّصَرُّفُ فِيهِ إلَيْهَا كَمَا هُوَ مُقْتَضَى التَّمْلِيكِ وَيَدُلُّ عَلَيْهِ أَيْضًا أَنَّهَا لَوْ أَسْرَفَتْ فِي نَفَقَةِ الشَّهْرِ فَأَكَلَتْهَا قَبْلَ مُضِيِّهِ وَاحْتَاجَتْ لَا يَفْرِضُ لَهَا أُخْرَى كَمَا لَوْ هَلَكَتْ كَمَا فِي الذَّخِيرَةِ، فَالْحَاصِلُ أَنَّ الْمَفْرُوضَةَ أَوْ الْمَدْفُوعَةَ إلَيْهَا مِلْكٌ لَهَا فَلَهَا الْإِطْعَامُ مِنْهَا وَالتَّصَدُّقُ وَفِي الْخَانِيَّةِ الْمَرْأَةُ إذَا فُرِضَتْ لَهَا النَّفَقَةُ فَأَكَلَتْ مِنْ مَالِ نَفْسِهَا أَوْ مِنْ مَسْأَلَةِ النَّاسِ كَانَ لَهَا أَنْ تَرْجِعَ بِالْمَفْرُوضِ عَلَى زَوْجِه

 

[11] Ibn Nujaym, Bahr Rāiq, Kitābus Talāq, vol 4  p. 297

وَإِنْ كَانَ مُعْسِرًا وَهِيَ مُوسِرَةٌ وَجَبَ عَلَيْهِ نَفَقَةُ الْمُعْسِرِينَ؛ لِأَنَّهَا لَمَّا تَزَوَّجَتْ مُعْسِرًا فَقَدْ رَضِيَتْ بِنَفَقَةِ الْمُعْسِرِينَ، وَأَمَّا عَلَى الْمُفْتَى بِهِ فَتَجِبُ نَفَقَةُ الْوَسَطِ فِي الْمَسْأَلَتَيْنِ وَهِيَ فَوْقَ نَفَقَةِ الْمُعْسِرَةِ وَدُونَ نَفَقَةِ الْمُوسِرَةِ

 

Kasān, Badā’i Sanāi, Kitāb Nafaqah, vol 5 p. 140

فَصْلٌ فِي شَرْطِ وُجُوبِ هَذِهِ النَّفَقَةِ

وَيَسْتَوِي فِي اسْتِحْقَاقِ هَذِهِ النَّفَقَةِ الْمُعْسِرَةُ وَالْمُوسِرَةُ فَتَسْتَحِقُّ الزَّوْجَةُ النَّفَقَةَ عَلَى زَوْجِهَا وَإِنْ كَانَتْ مُوسِرَةً لِاسْتِوَائِهِمَا فِي سَبَبِ الِاسْتِحْقَاقِ وَشَرْطِهِ وَلِأَنَّ هَذِهِ النَّفَقَةَ لَهَا شَبَهٌ بِالْأَعْوَاضِ فَيَسْتَوِي فِيهَا الْفَقِيرُ وَالْغَنِيُّ كَنَفَقَةِ الْقَاضِي وَالْمُضَارِبِ

 

 

[12] Fatawa Hindiyyah, Kitābus Talāq, vol 1, p.576 (Book)

[الْبَابُ السَّابِعُ عَشَرَ فِي النَّفَقَاتِ وَفِيهِ سِتَّةُ فُصُولٍ]

[الْفَصْلُ الْأَوَّلُ فِي نَفَقَةِ الزَّوْجَةِ]

إنْ كَانَ الصُّلْحُ بَعْدَ فَرْضِ الْقَاضِي، أَوْ بَعْدَ تَرَاضِيهِمَا عَلَى شَيْءٍ لِكُلِّ شَهْرٍ يُعْتَبَرُ هَذَا الصُّلْحُ بَيْنَهُمَا مُعَاوَضَةً، وَفَائِدَةُ اعْتِبَارِ التَّقْدِيرِ أَنْ تَجُوزَ الزِّيَادَةُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ وَالنُّقْصَانُ عَنْهُ فَعَلَى هَذَا الْأَصْلِ يَخْرُجُ جِنْسُ هَذِهِ الْمَسَائِلِ، وَإِذَا صَالَحَتْ الْمَرْأَةُ زَوْجَهَا عَلَى ثَلَاثَةِ دَرَاهِمَ لِكُلِّ شَهْرٍ فَقَالَتْ الْمَرْأَةُ: لَا يَكْفِينِي هَذَا الْقَدْرُ كَانَ لَهَا أَنْ تُخَاصِمَهُ حَتَّى يَزِيدَهَا مِقْدَارَ مَا يَكْفِيهَا إذَا كَانَ الزَّوْجُ مُوسِرًا، وَإِذَا صَالَحَتْ الْمَرْأَةُ زَوْجَهَا عَلَى ثَلَاثَةِ دَرَاهِمَ – نَفَقَةُ كُلِّ شَهْرٍ – ثُمَّ قَالَ الزَّوْجُ: لَا أُطِيقُ ذَلِكَ فَإِنَّهُ لَا يُصَدَّقُ فِي ذَلِكَ، وَيَلْزَمُهُ جَمِيعُ ذَلِكَ، قَالَ فِي الْكِتَابِ: إلَّا أَنْ يَبْرَأَ مِنْهُ الْقَاضِي يُرِيدُ بِهِ إلَّا أَنْ يَتَعَرَّفَ الْقَاضِي عَنْ حَالِهِ بِالسُّؤَالِ مِنْ النَّاسِ، فَإِذَا أَخْبَرُوا أَنَّهُ لَا يُطِيقُ ذَلِكَ نَقَصَ عَنْهُ، وَأَوْجَبَ عَنْ قَدْرِ طَاقَتِهِ

 

Ibn Nujaym, Bahr Rāiq, Kitābus Talāq, vol 4  p. 319

وَإِذَا صَالَحَتْ الْمَرْأَةُ زَوْجَهَا مِنْ نَفَقَتِهَا عَلَى ثَلَاثَةِ دَرَاهِمَ كُلَّ شَهْرٍ فَهُوَ جَائِزٌ وَكَانَ ذَلِكَ تَقْدِيرًا لِنَفَقَتِهَا وَالْأَصْلُ أَنَّ الصُّلْحَ بَيْنَهُمَا مَتَى حَصَلَ بِشَيْءٍ يَجُوزُ لِلْقَاضِي أَنْ يَفْرِضَهُ فِي نَفَقَتِهَا بِحَالٍ فَالصُّلْحُ بَيْنَهُمَا تَقْدِيرٌ لِلنَّفَقَةِ وَلَا تُعْتَبَرُ مُعَاوَضَةً سَوَاءٌ كَانَ هَذَا الصُّلْحُ قَبْلَ فَرْضِ الْقَاضِي أَوْ التَّرَاضِي عَلَى شَيْءٍ أَوْ كَانَ بَعْدَ أَحَدِهِمَا، وَإِذَا وَقَعَ الصُّلْحُ عَلَى شَيْءٍ لَا يَجُوزُ لِلْقَاضِي أَنْ يَفْرِضَهُ عَلَى الزَّوْجِ فِي نَفَقَتِهَا بِحَالٍ كَالثَّوْبِ وَالْعَبْدِ يَنْظُرُ إنْ كَانَ الصُّلْحُ بَيْنَهُمَا قَبْلَ قَضَاءِ الْقَاضِي لَهَا بِالنَّفَقَةِ وَقَبْلَ تَرَاضِيهِمَا عَلَى شَيْءٍ لِكُلِّ شَهْرٍ يُعْتَبَرُ الصُّلْحُ مِنْهُمَا تَقْدِيرًا وَبَعْدَ أَحَدِهِمَا يُعْتَبَرُ مُعَاوَضَةً، وَفَائِدَةُ اعْتِبَارِ التَّقْدِيرِ أَنْ تَجُوزَ الزِّيَادَةُ عَلَيْهِ وَالنُّقْصَانُ عَنْهُ وَفَائِدَةُ اعْتِبَارِ الْمُعَاوَضَةِ أَنْ لَا تَجُوزَ الزِّيَادَةُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ وَلَا النُّقْصَانُ، وَإِذَا صَالَحَهَا عَلَى دَرَاهِمَ كُلَّ شَهْرٍ، ثُمَّ قَالَتْ لَا تَكْفِينِي زِيدَتْ، وَلَوْ قَالَ الرَّجُلُ لَا أُطِيقُهُ فَإِنَّهُ لَا يُصَدَّقُ فِي ذَلِكَ فَإِنَّهُ الْتَزَمَهُ بِاخْتِيَارِهِ

 

[13] Bukhari, No: 5367

بَابُ إِذَا لَمْ يُنْفِقِ الرَّجُلُ فَلِلْمَرْأَةِ أَنْ تَأْخُذَ بِغَيْرِ عِلْمِهِ مَا يَكْفِيهَا وَوَلَدَهَا بِالْمَعْرُوفِ

عَنْ عَائِشَةَ، أَنَّ هِنْدَ بِنْتَ عُتْبَةَ، قَالَتْ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ إِنَّ أَبَا سُفْيَانَ رَجُلٌ شَحِيحٌ وَلَيْسَ يُعْطِينِي مَا يَكْفِينِي وَوَلَدِي، إِلَّا مَا أَخَذْتُ مِنْهُ وَهُوَ لاَ يَعْلَمُ، فَقَالَ: خُذِي مَا يَكْفِيكِ وَوَلَدَكِ، بِالْمَعْرُوفِ»

Is Virtual Nikāh Valid?

jknfatawa1 Marriage

15th August 2022

 

Question: What is the Islamic ruling on performing Nikāh online with the bride and groom and witnesses in different locations?

 

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

 

Answer

In reference to the above query, virtual Nikāh whether online or over the phone performed in a manner where the bride, groom and witnesses are physically in different locations is not valid. Legal jurists have outlined that it is necessary for all of the above to be physically present in one session at the same time for the Nikāh to be valid. [1] As a result of a virtual Nikāh, marital relationship between them will not be lawful as they won’t be classed as husband and wife. This is the adopted position amongst contemporary Hanafi jurists more particularly the Deobandi tradition.[2]

If the groom for instance is able to be physically present with the Imām and the witnesses but the bride is in a different location (or vice-versa), then an alternative solution is that the absent bride to appoint an agent (wakeel) to represent her in the gathering. Appointing an agent is permissible as was the case with King Najashi when he performed the Prophet’s sallallahu alayhi wasallam marriage with Sayyidah Umme Habibah radhiyallahu anha at Habashah. The Prophet sallallahu alayhi wasallam was in Madinah whilst she was in Habashah with King Najashi representing the Messenger of Allāh sallallahu alayhi wasallam as his wakeel.[3]

 

 

 

 [Allãh Knows Best]

 

 

Written and researched by (Mufti) Abdul Waheed

Answer Attested by Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

 

 

 

[1] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb Nikāh, vol 3 p. 14

 

وَمِنْ شَرَائِطِ الْإِيجَابِ وَالْقَبُولِ: اتِّحَادُ الْمَجْلِسِ لَوْ حَاضِرَيْنِ

(قَوْلُهُ: اتِّحَادُ الْمَجْلِسِ) قَالَ فِي الْبَحْرِ: فَلَوْ اخْتَلَفَ الْمَجْلِسُ لَمْ يَنْعَقِدْ، فَلَوْ أَوْجَبَ أَحَدُهُمَا فَقَامَ الْآخَرُ أَوْ اشْتَغَلَ بِعَمَلٍ آخَرَ بَطَلَ الْإِيجَابُ؛ لِأَنَّ شَرْطَ الِارْتِبَاطِ اتِّحَادُ الزَّمَانِ فَجُعِلَ الْمَجْلِسُ جَامِعًا تَيْسِيرًا؛ وَأَمَّا الْفَوْرُ فَلَيْسَ مِنْ شَرْطِهِ؛ وَلَوْ عَقَدَا وَهُمَا يَمْشِيَانِ أَوْ يَسِيرَانِ عَلَى الدَّابَّةِ لَا يَجُوزُ، وَإِنْ كَانَ عَلَى سَفِينَةٍ سَائِرَةٍ جَازَ. اهـ. أَيْ؛ لِأَنَّ السَّفِينَةَ فِي حُكْمِ مَكَان وَاحِدٍ.

 

Fatawa Hindiyyah, Kitāb Nikāh, vol 1, p. 269

(وَمِنْهَا) أَنْ يَكُونَ الْإِيجَابُ وَالْقَبُولُ فِي مَجْلِسٍ وَاحِدٍ حَتَّى لَوْ اخْتَلَفَ الْمَجْلِسُ بِأَنْ كَانَا حَاضِرَيْنِ فَأَوْجَبَ أَحَدُهُمَا فَقَامَ الْآخَرُ عَنْ الْمَجْلِسِ قَبْلَ الْقَبُولِ أَوْ اشْتَغَلَ بِعَمَلٍ يُوجِبُ اخْتِلَافَ الْمَجْلِسِ لَا يَنْعَقِدُ وَكَذَا إذَا كَانَ أَحَدُهُمَا غَائِبًا لَمْ يَنْعَقِدْ حَتَّى لَوْ قَالَتْ امْرَأَةٌ بِحَضْرَةِ شَاهِدَيْنِ زَوَّجْتُ نَفْسِي مِنْ فُلَانٍ وَهُوَ غَائِبٌ فَبَلَغَهُ الْخَبَرُ فَقَالَ: قَبِلْتُ، أَوْ قَالَ رَجُلٌ بِحَضْرَةِ شَاهِدَيْنِ: تَزَوَّجْتُ فُلَانَةَ وَهِيَ غَائِبَةٌ فَبَلَغَهَا الْخَبَرُ فَقَالَتْ زَوَّجْتُ نَفْسِي مِنْهُ لَمْ يَجُزْ

 

[2] Jalandhari, Khayrul Fatawa, Nikāh, vol 4, p. 369, Maulana Khalid Saifullah Rahmani, Kitāb Fatāwa, KItāb Nikāh, vol 4, p. 305,  Mufti Islamil Kacholvi, Fatāwa Diniyyah, Kitāb Nikāh, vol 3, p. 202, Mufti Mahmod Hasan Gangohi, Fatāwa Mahmoodiyyah, Kitāb Nikāh, vol 10, p. 680

 

[3] Maulana Idrees Khandhelwi, Seertaul Mustafa, vol 3, p. 246

Apostatised Wife and Iddah

jknfatawa1 Divorce

4th August 2022

Question: I am enquiring about a friend who was a revert. She got married but after she got married her faith got weak and left Islām. She returned back to Islām a few weeks later and became a Muslim again. She is now wanting to return to her husband in the next month but after returning back to Islām, she started to talk to other men in sexual ways within the three months period which she now regrets. My questions are;

  1. What is the status of her marriage? Must her Nikāh be renewed or not?
  2. Can she still marry her previous husband even though she was talking to other men after returning back to Islām?
  3. Is waiting period necessary upon her and if so, can he marry her within the three-month period or after her waiting period?

 

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

 

Answer

In regards to your query, the adopted stance and the general position in the Hanafi tradition is that apostasy instantly dissolves the marriage, which means that no form of conjugal relationship between them is permissible simply because in this case Islām and disbelief cannot co-exist in the same marriage. Apostasy is an act of rebellion that nullifies all deeds and action including marriage except that the jurists have mentioned that she is still entitled to the full mahr if the wife’s apostasy occurred after the marriage was consummated but not before that. As a result of the wife’s apostasy, her marriage to someone else will not be permitted either due to the severity of the crime and therefore must be convinced to return back to Islām and reunite with her former husband. [1] You mentioned that she repented and returned back to Islām, then her Nikāh must be renewed with her former husband with a new mahr regardless of how many times she apostates.[2] Despite that she conversed with other men inappropriately after returning back to Islām, this does not prevent her from returning back to her husband. She must however sincerely repent from her sin and adopt all necessary precautions to safeguard her faith ensuring that this does not happen again.

Despite her apostasy, waiting period is still mandated on her as this affects the legal ruling of providing maintenance and accommodation. Usually where post-divorce grace period is not mandated then expenses and accommodation do not apply (for instance husband divorcing his wife without consummation or valid seclusion). In the case of her apostasy, waiting period would apply if the marriage was consummated that is because she is still entitled to accommodation until her Iddah expires. She will not eligible to financial maintenance however due to her disobedience.[3] If she returned back to Islām during her three menses waiting period, she can renew her Nikāh with her former husband during her waiting period.

 

 

[Allãh Knows Best]

 

 

 

Written and researched by (Mufti) Abdul Waheed

Answer Attested by Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

 

 

 

[1] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, vol 4 p. 253

[مَطْلَبٌ الْمَعْصِيَةُ تَبْقَى بَعْدَ الرِّدَّةِ]

(قَوْلُهُ وَلَيْسَ لِلْمُرْتَدَّةِ التَّزَوُّجُ بِغَيْرِ زَوْجِهَا) فِي كَافِي الْحَاكِمِ: وَإِنْ لَحِقَتْ بِدَارِ الْحَرْبِ كَانَ لِزَوْجِهَا أَنْ يَتَزَوَّجَ أُخْتَهَا قَبْلَ أَنْ تَنْقَضِيَ عِدَّتُهَا، فَإِنْ سُبِيَتْ أَوْ عَادَتْ مُسْلِمَةً لَمْ يَضُرَّ ذَلِكَ نِكَاحَ الْأُخْتِ وَكَانَتْ فَيْئًا إنْ سُبِيَتْ وَتُجْبَرُ عَلَى الْإِسْلَامِ، وَإِنْ عَادَتْ مُسْلِمَةً كَانَ لَهَا أَنْ تَتَزَوَّجَ مِنْ سَاعَتِهَا. وَظَاهِرُهُ أَنَّ لَهَا التَّزَوُّجَ بِمَنْ شَاءَتْ،

 

Fatawa Hindiyyah, Kitāb al-Nikāh, vol 1, p. 339

[الْبَابُ الْعَاشِرُ فِي نِكَاحِ الْكُفَّارِ]

ارْتَدَّ أَحَدُ الزَّوْجَيْنِ عَنْ الْإِسْلَامِ وَقَعَتْ الْفُرْقَةُ بِغَيْرِ طَلَاقٍ فِي الْحَالِ قَبْلَ الدُّخُولِ وَبَعْدَهُ ثُمَّ إنْ كَانَ الزَّوْجُ هُوَ الْمُرْتَدُّ فَلَهَا كُلُّ الْمَهْرِ إنْ دَخَلَ بِهَا وَنِصْفُهُ إنْ لَمْ يَدْخُلْ بِهَا وَإِنْ كَانَتْ هِيَ الْمُرْتَدَّةُ فَلَهَا كُلُّ الْمَهْرِ إنْ دَخَلَ بِهَا وَإِنْ لَمْ يَدْخُلْ بِهَا فَلَا مَهْرَ لَهَا

 

Kasān, Badā’i Sanāi, Kitāb al-Nikāh, vol 2 p. 337

[فَصْلٌ بَيَانُ مَا يَرْفَعُ حُكْمَ النِّكَاحِ]

وَمِنْهَا رِدَّةُ أَحَدِ الزَّوْجَيْنِ؛ لِأَنَّ الرِّدَّةَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الْمَوْتِ؛ لِأَنَّهَا سَبَبٌ مُفْضٍ إلَيْهِ، وَالْمَيِّتُ لَا يَكُونُ مَحَلًّا لِلنِّكَاحِ، وَلِهَذَا لَمْ يَجُزْ نِكَاحُ الْمُرْتَدِّ لِأَحَدٍ فِي الِابْتِدَاءِ، فَكَذَا فِي حَالِ الْبَقَاءِ؛ وَلِأَنَّهُ لَا عِصْمَةَ مَعَ الرِّدَّةِ، وَمِلْكُ النِّكَاحِ لَا يَبْقَى مَعَ زَوَالِ الْعِصْمَةِ غَيْرَ أَنَّ رِدَّةَ الْمَرْأَةِ تَكُونُ فُرْقَةً بِغَيْرِ طَلَاقٍ بِلَا خِلَافٍ.

 

It must be noted that soe Hanafi scholars maintain that Her Nikah does not break and remains with her husband. She must however be convinced to return back to Islām. See Mufti Rashid Ahmad Ludhyanwi Ahsanul Fatawa, vol 6, p. 361-4, Fatawa Tatarkhaniyyah, vol 4, p.  268.

 

[2] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, vol 3 p. 194

[بَابُ نِكَاحِ الْكَافِرِ]

(وَارْتِدَادُ أَحَدِهِمَا) أَيْ الزَّوْجَيْنِ (فَسْخٌ) فَلَا يُنْقِصُ عَدَدًا (عَاجِلٌ)

(قَوْلُهُ فَلَا يُنْقِصُ عَدَدًا) فَلَوْ ارْتَدَّ مِرَارًا وَجَدَّدَ الْإِسْلَامَ فِي كُلِّ مَرَّةٍ وَجَدَّدَ النِّكَاحَ عَلَى قَوْلِ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ تَحِلُّ امْرَأَتُهُ مِنْ غَيْرِ إصَابَةِ زَوْجٍ ثَانٍ بَحْرٌ عَنْ الْخَانِيَّةِ

 

Ibn Humām, Fathul Qadeer, Kitāb al-Nikāh, vol 3 p. 428

[بَابُ نِكَاحِ أَهْلِ الشِّرْكِ]

(قَوْلُهُ وَإِذَا ارْتَدَّ أَحَدُ الزَّوْجَيْنِ عَنْ الْإِسْلَامِ وَقَعَتْ الْفُرْقَةُ) فِي الْحَالِ (بِغَيْرِ طَلَاقٍ) قَبْلَ الدُّخُولِ أَوْ بَعْدَهُ، وَبِهِ قَالَ مَالِكٌ وَأَحْمَدُ فِي رِوَايَةٍ، وَقَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ وَأَحْمَدُ فِي أُخْرَى قَبْلَ الدُّخُولِ هُوَ كَذَلِكَ، وَأَمَّا بَعْدَهُ فَيُتَوَقَّفُ إلَى انْقِضَاءِ الْعِدَّةِ فَإِنْ جَمَعَهُمَا الْإِسْلَامُ قَبْلَ انْقِضَائِهَا يَسْتَمِرُّ النِّكَاحُ وَإِلَّا تَبَيَّنَ الْفِرَاقُ مِنْ وَقْتِ الرِّدَّةِ. قُلْنَا: هَذِهِ الْفُرْقَةُ لِلتَّنَافِي فَإِنَّ الرِّدَّةَ مُنَافِيَةٌ لِلْعِصْمَةِ مُوجِبَةٌ لِلْعُقُوبَةِ، وَالْمُنَافِي لَا يَحْتَمِلُ التَّرَاخِي، بِخِلَافِ الْإِسْلَامِ فَإِنَّهُ غَيْرُ مُنَافٍ لِلْعِصْمَةِ، هَذَا جَوَابُ ظَاهِرِ الْمَذْهَبِ. وَبَعْضُ مَشَايِخِ بَلْخٍ وَسَمَرْقَنْدَ أَفْتَوْا فِي رِدَّتِهَا بِعَدَمِ الْفُرْقَةِ حَسْمًا لِاحْتِيَالِهَا عَلَى الْخَلَاصِ بِأَكْبَرِ الْكَبَائِرِ، وَعَامَّةُ مَشَايِخِ بُخَارَى أَفْتَوْا بِالْفُرْقَةِ وَجَبْرِهَا عَلَى الْإِسْلَامِ وَعَلَى النِّكَاحِ مَعَ زَوْجِهَا الْأَوَّلِ؛ لِأَنَّ الْحَسْمَ بِذَلِكَ يَحْصُلُ، وَلِكُلِّ قَاضٍ أَنْ يُجَدِّدَ النِّكَاحَ بَيْنَهُمَا بِمَهْرٍ يَسِيرٍ وَلَوْ بِدِينَارٍ رَضِيَتْ أَمْ لَا، وَتُعَزَّرُ خَمْسَةً وَسَبْعِينَ، وَلَا تُسْتَرَقُّ الْمُعْتَدَّةُ مَا دَامَتْ فِي دَارِ الْإِسْلَامِ فِي ظَاهِرِ الرِّوَايَةِ، وَفِي رِوَايَةِ النَّوَادِرِ عَنْ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ تُسْتَرَقُّ، وَهَذَا الْكَلَامُ فِي الْفُرْقَةِ.

 

[3] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, vol 3 p. 194

(قَوْلُهُ لَوْ ارْتَدَّ) قَيْدٌ فِي قَوْلِهِ وَلِغَيْرِهَا النِّصْفُ إلَخْ (قَوْلُهُ وَعَلَيْهِ نَفَقَةُ الْعِدَّةِ) أَيْ لَوْ مَدْخُولًا بِهَا إذْ غَيْرُهَا لَا عِدَّةَ عَلَيْهَا. وَأَفَادَ وُجُوبَ الْعِدَّةِ سَوَاءٌ ارْتَدَّ أَوْ ارْتَدَّتْ بِالْحَيْضِ أَوْ بِالْأَشْهُرِ لَوْ صَغِيرَةً أَوْ آيِسَةً أَوْ بِوَضْعِ الْحَمْلِ كَمَا فِي الْبَحْرِ

 

Ibn Nujaym, Bahr Rāiq, vol 3 p. 231

[بَابُ نِكَاحِ الْكَافِرِ]

وَلَمْ يَذْكُرْ الْمُؤَلِّفُ وُجُوبَ الْعِدَّةِ عَلَيْهَا وَلَا شَكَّ فِي وُجُوبِهَا قَالَ فِي جَامِعِ الْفُصُولَيْنِ وَتَعْتَدُّ بِثَلَاثِ حِيَضٍ لَوْ حُرَّةً مِمَّنْ تَحِيضُ وَبِثَلَاثَةِ أَشْهُرٍ لَوْ آيِسَةً أَوْ صَغِيرَةً وَبِوَضْعِ الْحَمْلِ لَوْ حَامِلًا لَوْ دَخَلَ سَوَاءٌ ارْتَدَّ أَوْ ارْتَدَّتْ وَلَا نَفَقَةَ لَهَا فِي الْعِدَّةِ وَلَوْ ارْتَدَّ هُوَ لَا تُجْبَرُ الْمَرْأَةُ عَلَى التَّزَوُّجِ اهـ. وَفِي الْخُلَاصَةِ: إذَا ارْتَدَّتْ لَا نَفَقَةَ لَهَا فِي الْعِدَّةِ وَلَهَا السُّكْنَى وَبِهِ يُفْتَى ذَكَرَهُ فِي أَلْفَاظِ التَّكْفِيرِ،

 

Doubts About Impurity

jknfatawa1 Purity

12th July 2022

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته

Question: I am very confused and worried about the purity of my house from impurities due to my child who is 3 years old. She sometimes leaks her pamper in the middle of the night and when I change her trouser, her feet get touched by the wet trouser. Also, when she wakes up in the morning, she walks with those feet that are dry from urine. Sometimes the floor is slightly moist because the air conditioner is on. Secondly, while I change her diaper, my hand touches her diaper (sometimes the urine) and also her legs with those wet hands, and when I make her sit on the toilet to wash her and she gets up, the water trickles to her legs (where i touch while changing the diaper and the urine gets transferred abit) and that water moves to the floor, making the floor unpure. At this moment I don’t see any traces of urine in the house (no smell or colour), maybe it has dried up or something. I don’t understand whether these are waswasah or genuine concerns. Kindly help me in this matter and if I have to purify the house then how.

 

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

 

Answer

In reference to your detailed query, as a general rule when a smell, colour or stain are not present then the impurity does not remain. If you cannot see any signs of impurity then the areas will still be treated as clean and washing won’t be necessary. It is only necessary to clean once you see any physical signs of impurity in which case it becomes necessary to remove the smell and stain. However, in cases where one can see the physical impurity and an individual has tried to remove the remaining najasat with utmost effort but not able to do so, for instance not being able to remove the smell or stain remains then it will be forgiven. [1]

With regards to dried up urine, it is essential that you wash the area which urine has fallen on.[2] There is no need to purify the entire house when the urine has not touched any other surface. Waswasas – misgivings – regarding impurity and purity can constantly allow a person to assume in matters. It is important to firmly fix a ruling on the matter e.g. this is clean/ impure based on apparent indications, deal with it and then move on without dwelling any further.

 

 

[Allāh Knows Best]

 

 

 

Written by:  Muftiya Gul-e-Maryam         Reviewed by: Mufti Abdul Waheed

Attested by: Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

 

 

[1] Muheet Al Burhani, Kitab Tahara, vol 1, pg 195-196

يجب أن تعلم أن إزالة النجاسة واجبة، قال الله تعالى: {والرجز فاهجر} (المدثر: 5) وقال تعالى: {وثيابك فطهر} (المدثر: 4) وإزالتها إن كانت مرئية بإزالة عينها وأثرها إن كانت شيئاً يزول أثرها ولا يعتبر فيه العدد، وإن كان شيئاً لا يزول أثرها فإزالتها بإزالة عينها ويكون ما بقي من الأثر عفواً، وإن كان كثيراً، وإنما اعتبرنا زوال العين، والأثر فيما يزول الأثر؛ لأن النجاسة كانت باعتبار العين والأثر، فيبقى ببقائهما ويزول بزوالهما

 

Fatawa Hindiyyah, Kitab Tahara, vol 1, p. 41

وَإِزَالَتُهَا إنْ كَانَتْ مَرْئِيَّةً بِإِزَالَةِ عَيْنِهَا وَأَثَرِهَا إنْ كَانَتْ شَيْئًا يَزُولُ أَثَرُهُ وَلَا يُعْتَبَرُ فِيهِ الْعَدَدُ. كَذَا فِي الْمُحِيطِ فَلَوْ زَالَتْ عَيْنُهَا بِمَرَّةٍ اكْتَفَى بِهَا وَلَوْ لَمْ تَزُلْ بِثَلَاثَةٍ تُغْسَلُ إلَى أَنْ تَزُولَ، كَذَا فِي السِّرَاجِيَّةِ. وَإِنْ كَانَتْ شَيْئًا لَا يَزُولُ أَثَرُهُ إلَّا بِمَشَقَّةٍ بِأَنْ يُحْتَاجَ فِي إزَالَتِهِ إلَى شَيْءٍ آخَرَ سِوَى الْمَاءِ كَالصَّابُونِ لَا يُكَلَّفُ بِإِزَالَتِهِ.

 

[2] Hidaya, Kitab Tahara, Vol 1, Pg 36

فإن كان بهما أذى فليمسحهما بالأرض فإن الأرض لهما طهور ” ولأن الجلد لصلابته لا تتداخله أجزاء النجاسة إلا قليلا ثم يجتذبه الجرم إذا جف فإذا زال زال ما قام به ” وفي الرطب لا يجوز حتى يغسله ” لأن المسح بالأرض يكثره ولا يطهره وعن أبي يوسف رحمه الله أنه إذا مسحه بالأرض حتى لم يبق أثر النجاسة يطهر لعموم البلوى وإطلاق ما يروى وعليه مشايخنا رحمهم الله ” فإن أصابه بول فيبس لم يجز حتى يغسله ”