Divorce

17^th February 2024

Question: A woman is observing her Iddah of divorce and has a toddler. She is alone and suffers from mental health concerns (anxiety and episodes of depression and sometimes cannot get out of bed in the mornings and is becoming very withdrawn). Is its permissible for such a lady to,  

1. Go out for walks (accompanied) to get fresh air for her mental health?
2. Take her toddler out for walks for fresh air and to toddler classes?
3. To attend family gatherings?

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

Answer

Concerning your case in question, as a general rule, a divorced woman is required by the Shariah to observe a waiting period (of three menses – Iddah) in the same accommodation she lived with her husband. She is not permitted to leave her home nor relocate elsewhere to observe her Iddah without a genuine excuse. The Quran and as well as the Hadith are explicit on this matter. Allāh Almighty states, Do not drive them (wives) from their homes and neither should they (wives) should exit the home…”[1] It is reported that the Messenger of Allāh sallallahu alayhi wasallam once divorced Sayyidah Hafsah radhiyallahu anha, after which she went to her family (to observe her iddah). Allāh Almighty revealed the above verse (instructing the women to observe their waiting period in the husband’s accommodation). The Messenger of Allāh sallallahu alayhi wasallam was instructed however to retract from the divorce and take her back as his wife due to her piety.[2] In light of the above evidences, the Hanafi jurists have deduced that under normal circumstances it is obligatory for a female divorcee to observe her Iddah in the current home she is living in. The laws of Iddah are the rights of Allāh Almighty so leaving the home or relocating elsewhere without necessity is a violation of Allāh’s rights.[3] The Shariah does however consider exceptional circumstances where due to genuine reasons she is permitted to emerge or relocate elsewhere to complete her Iddah. Genuine excuses include; the fear of house collapsing, fear over her wealth perishing, living in a rented accommodation and does not have the means to pay the rent, is forcibly driven out of the home by her husband or has no financial support and hence must emerge to earn for herself. Jurists have also included other reasons such as being fearful at night of living by herself alone in the house.[4]

With reference to the case of depression then the classical jurists have not made any explicit mentioning of this. It will therefore depend on the degree of depression she is suffering. Below are some recommendations.

1. Minor distress does not justify leaving the home.
2. Family members should visit her often to give her company to reduce her anxiety level. In that way there is no need for her to leave her accommodation to visit them. They should offer to take her toddler out for walks or to classes during her Iddah period.
3. She should seek counselling therapy from a professional in which case it would be permissible for her to leave the home to visit a therapist.
4. If the anxiety level is so extreme that staying home for a longer period will trigger her anxieties and prove harmful to her mental well-being and to the child and there is no one to support her then she may emerge from her home out of necessity. She should primarily stay in the garden for fresh air but if this is not sufficient, then she can walk for a certain distance only to the need that is required. This is justified under the principle of necessity as in when one’s physical or mental well-being is at severe risk and no available alternative exists then prohibited matters become permissible and constraint situations beget flexibility but only to the extent that is necessary.[5]

In summary, the general default position is that a divorcee cannot leave her home during her Iddah except due to necessity. In the aforesaid case, family members should often visit her to support her and her child. If her depressive state is so extreme that staying home will prove harmful to her mental well-being and to her child and there is no one to support her then she can come out due to necessity for fresh-air. She must then immediately return home and not to stay out longer than necessary.

[Allãh Knows Best]

Written and researched by (Mufti) Abdul Waheed

Answer Attested by Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

[1] Surah Talaq [65:1]

[2] Ibn Katheer vol 8, p. 142

وَقَالَ ابْنُ أَبِي حَاتِمٍ: حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ ثَوَابِ بْنِ سَعِيدٍ الْهُبَارِيُّ، حَدَّثَنَا أَسْبَاطُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ، عَنْ سَعِيدٍ، عَنْ قَتَادَةَ، عَنْ أَنَسٍ قَالَ: طَلَّقَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ حَفْصَةَ، فَأَتَتْ أَهْلَهَا، فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ، عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: {يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ إِذَا طَلَّقْتُمُ النِّسَاءَ فَطَلِّقُوهُنَّ لِعِدَّتِهِنَّ} فَقِيلَ لَهُ: رَاجِعْهَا فَإِنَّهَا صَوَّامَةٌ قَوَّامَةٌ، وَهِيَ مِنْ أَزْوَاجِكَ وَنِسَائِكَ فِي الْجَنَّةِ.

[3] Kasān, Badā’i Sanāi, Kitāb Talāq, vol 3 p. 205 – shamila

فَصْلٌ فِي أَحْكَامُ الْعِدَّةِ

فَإِنْ كَانَتْ مُعْتَدَّةً مِنْ نِكَاحٍ صَحِيحٍ وَهِيَ حُرَّةٌ مُطَلَّقَةٌ بَالِغَةٌ عَاقِلَةٌ مُسْلِمَةٌ وَالْحَالُ حَالُ الِاخْتِيَارِ فَإِنَّهَا لَا تَخْرُجُ لَيْلًا وَلَا نَهَارًا سَوَاءٌ كَانَ الطَّلَاقُ ثَلَاثًا أَوْ بَائِنًا أَوْ رَجْعِيًّا أَمَّا فِي الطَّلَاقِ الرَّجْعِيِّ فَلِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى {لا تُخْرِجُوهُنَّ مِنْ بُيُوتِهِنَّ وَلا يَخْرُجْنَ إِلا أَنْ يَأْتِينَ بِفَاحِشَةٍ مُبَيِّنَةٍ} [الطلاق: 1] قِيلَ فِي تَأْوِيلِ قَوْلِهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ {إِلا أَنْ يَأْتِينَ بِفَاحِشَةٍ مُبَيِّنَةٍ} [الطلاق: 1] إلَّا أَنْ تَزْنِيَ فَتَخْرُجَ لِإِقَامَةِ الْحَدِّ عَلَيْهَا، وَقِيلَ: الْفَاحِشَةُ هِيَ الْخُرُوجُ نَفْسُهُ أَيْ إلَّا أَنْ يَخْرُجْنَ فَيَكُونَ خُرُوجُهُنَّ فَاحِشَةً، نَهَى اللَّهُ تَعَالَى الْأَزْوَاجَ عَنْ الْإِخْرَاجِ وَالْمُعْتَدَّاتِ عَنْ الْخُرُوجِ وقَوْله تَعَالَى {أَسْكِنُوهُنَّ مِنْ حَيْثُ سَكَنْتُمْ} [الطلاق: 6] وَالْأَمْرُ بِالْإِسْكَانِ نَهْيٌ عَنْ الْإِخْرَاجِ وَالْخُرُوجِ وَلِأَنَّهَا زَوْجَتُهُ بَعْدَ الطَّلَاقِ الرَّجْعِيِّ لِقِيَامِ مِلْكِ النِّكَاحِ مِنْ كُلِّ وَجْهٍ فَلَا يُبَاحُ لَهَا الْخُرُوجُ كَمَا قَبْلَ الطَّلَاقِ إلَّا أَنَّ بَعْدَ الطَّلَاقِ لَا يُبَاحُ لَهَا الْخُرُوجُ وَإِنْ أُذِنَ لَهَا بِالْخُرُوجِ بِخِلَافِ مَا قَبْلَ الطَّلَاقِ.

لِأَنَّ حُرْمَةَ الْخُرُوجِ بَعْدَ الطَّلَاقِ لِمَكَانِ الْعِدَّةِ وَفِي الْعِدَّةِ حَقُّ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى فَلَا يَمْلِكُ إبْطَالَهُ بِخِلَافِ مَا قَبْلَ الطَّلَاقِ؛ لِأَنَّ الْحُرْمَةَ ثَمَّةَ لِحَقِّ الزَّوْجِ خَاصَّةً فَيَمْلِكُ إبْطَالَ حَقِّ نَفْسِهِ بِالْإِذْنِ بِالْخُرُوجِ، وَلِأَنَّ الزَّوْجَ يَحْتَاجُ إلَى تَحْصِينِ مَائِهِ وَالْمَنْعُ مِنْ الْخُرُوجِ طَرِيقُ التَّحْصِينِ لِلْمَاءِ؛ لِأَنَّ الْخُرُوجَ يُرِيبُ الزَّوْجَ أَنَّهُ وَطِئَهَا غَيْرُهُ فَيَشْتَبِهُ النَّسَبُ إذَا حَبِلَتْ.

وَأَمَّا فِي الطَّلَاقِ الثَّلَاثِ أَوْ الْبَائِنِ فَلِعُمُومِ النَّهْيِ وَمِسَاسِ الْحَاجَةِ إلَى تَحْصِينِ الْمَاءِ عَلَى مَا بَيَّنَّا.

Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb Talāq, vol 3 p. 535- 6 shamila

(وَلَا تَخْرُجُ مُعْتَدَّةُ رَجْعِيٍّ وَبَائِنٌ) بِأَيِّ فُرْقَةٍ كَانَتْ عَلَى مَا فِي الظَّهِيرِيَّةِ وَلَوْ مُخْتَلِعَةً عَلَى نَفَقَةِ عِدَّتِهَا فِي الْأَصَحِّ اخْتِيَارٌ، أَوْ عَلَى السُّكْنَى فَيَلْزَمُهَا أَنْ تَكْتَرِيَ بَيْتَ الزَّوْجِ مِعْرَاجٌ (لَوْ حُرَّةً) أَوْ أَمَةً مُبَوَّأَةً وَلَوْ مِنْ فَاسِدٍ (مُكَلَّفَةً مِنْ بَيْتِهَا أَصْلًا) لَا لَيْلًا وَلَا نَهَارًا وَلَا إلَى صَحْنِ دَارٍ فِيهَا مَنَازِلُ لِغَيْرِهِ وَلَوْ بِإِذْنِهِ لِأَنَّهُ حَقُّ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى.

(قَوْلُهُ: بِأَيِّ فُرْقَةٍ كَانَتْ إلَخْ) أَيْ وَلَوْ بِمَعْصِيَةٍ كَتَقْبِيلِهَا ابْنَ زَوْجِهَا بَحْرٌ عَنْ الْبَدَائِعِ. قَالَ فِي النَّهْرِ: قَيَّدَ بِمُعْتَدَّةِ الطَّلَاقِ، لِأَنَّ مُعْتَدَّةَ الْوَطْءِ لَا تُمْنَعُ مِنْ الْخُرُوجِ كَالْمُعْتَدَّةِ عَنْ عِتْقٍ وَنِكَاحٍ فَاسِدٍ وَوَطْءٍ بِشُبْهَةٍ إلَّا إذَا مَنَعَهَا لِتَحْصِينِ مَائِهِ كَذَا فِي الْبَدَائِعِ.

(قَوْلُهُ: أَصْلًا) تَعْمِيمٌ لِقَوْلِهِ لَا تَخْرُجُ، وَبَيَّنَهُ بِقَوْلِهِ لَا لَيْلًا وَلَا نَهَارًا. (قَوْلُهُ: فِيهَا مَنَازِلُ لِغَيْرِهِ) أَيْ غَيْرِ الزَّوْجِ، بِخِلَافِ مَا إذَا كَانَتْ لَهُ فَإِنَّ لَهَا أَنْ تَخْرُجَ إلَيْهَا وَتَبِيتَ فِي أَيِّ مَنْزِلٍ شَاءَتْ لِأَنَّهَا تُضَافُ إلَيْهَا بِالسُّكْنَى زَيْلَعِيٌّ. (قَوْلُهُ: وَلَوْ بِإِذْنِهِ) تَعْمِيمٌ أَيْضًا لِقَوْلِهِ وَلَا تَخْرُجُ، حَتَّى إنَّ الْمُطَلَّقَةَ رَجْعِيًّا وَإِنْ كَانَتْ مَنْكُوحَةً حُكْمًا لَا تَخْرُجُ مِنْ بَيْتِ الْعِدَّةِ.

[4] Kasān, Badā’i Sanāi, Kitāb Talāq, vol 4 p. 451

وَأَمَّا فِي حَالَةِ الضَّرُورَةِ فَإِنْ اُضْطُرَّتْ إلَى الْخُرُوجِ مِنْ بَيْتِهَا بِأَنْ خَافَتْ سُقُوطَ مَنْزِلِهَا أَوْ خَافَتْ عَلَى مَتَاعِهَا أَوْ كَانَ الْمَنْزِلُ بِأُجْرَةٍ وَلَا تَجِدُ مَا تُؤَدِّيهِ فِي أُجْرَتِهِ فِي عِدَّةِ الْوَفَاةِ فَلَا بَأْسَ عِنْدَ ذَلِكَ أَنْ تَنْتَقِلَ، وَإِنْ كَانَتْ تَقْدِرُ عَلَى الْأُجْرَةِ لَا تَنْتَقِلُ، وَإِنْ كَانَ الْمَنْزِلُ لِزَوْجِهَا وَقَدْ مَاتَ عَنْهَا فَلَهَا أَنْ تَسْكُنَ فِي نَصِيبِهَا إنْ كَانَ نَصِيبُهَا مِنْ ذَلِكَ مَا تَكْتَفِي بِهِ فِي السُّكْنَى وَتَسْتَتِرُ عَنْ سَائِرِ الْوَرَثَةِ مِمَّنْ لَيْسَ بِمَحْرَمٍ لَهَا، وَإِنْ كَانَ نَصِيبُهَا لَا يَكْفِيهَا أَوْ خَافَتْ عَلَى مَتَاعِهَا مِنْهُمْ فَلَا بَأْسَ أَنْ تَنْتَقِلَ،

وَإِذَا انْتَقَلَتْ لِعُذْرٍ يَكُونُ سُكْنَاهَا فِي الْبَيْتِ الَّذِي انْتَقَلَتْ إلَيْهِ بِمَنْزِلَةِ كَوْنِهَا فِي الْمَنْزِلِ الَّذِي انْتَقَلَتْ مِنْهُ فِي حُرْمَةِ الْخُرُوجِ عَنْهُ؛ لِأَنَّ الِانْتِقَالَ مِنْ الْأَوَّلِ إلَيْهِ كَانَ لِعُذْرٍ فَصَارَ الْمَنْزِلُ الَّذِي انْتَقَلَتْ إلَيْهِ كَأَنَّهُ مَنْزِلُهَا مِنْ الْأَصْلِ فَلَزِمَهَا الْمُقَامُ فِيهِ حَتَّى تَنْقَضِيَ الْعِدَّةُ،

Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb Talāq, vol 10 p. 365-367

(وَتَعْتَدَّانِ) أَيْ مُعْتَدَّةُ طَلَاقٍ وَمَوْتٍ (فِي بَيْتٍ وَجَبَتْ فِيهِ) وَلَا يَخْرُجَانِ مِنْهُ (إلَّا أَنْ تُخْرَجَ أَوْ يَتَهَدَّمَ الْمَنْزِلُ، أَوْ تَخَافُ) انْهِدَامَهُ، أَوْ (تَلَفَ مَالِهَا، أَوْ لَا تَجِدَ كِرَاءَ الْبَيْتِ) وَنَحْوَ ذَلِكَ مِنْ الضَّرُورَاتِ فَتَخْرُجُ لِأَقْرَبِ مَوْضِعٍ إلَيْهِ، وَفِي الطَّلَاقِ إلَى حَيْثُ شَاءَ الزَّوْجُ

قَالَ فِي الْفَتْحِ: وَالْحَاصِلُ أَنَّ مَدَارَ حِلِّ خُرُوجِهَا بِسَبَبِ قِيَامِ شُغْلِ الْمَعِيشَةِ فَيَتَقَدَّرُ بِقَدْرِهِ، فَمَتَى انْقَضَتْ حَاجَتُهَا لَا يَحِلُّ لَهَا بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ صَرْفُ الزَّمَانِ خَارِجَ بَيْتِهَا. اهـ. وَبِهَذَا انْدَفَعَ قَوْلُ الْبَحْرِ إنَّ الظَّاهِرَ مِنْ كَلَامِهِمْ جَوَازُ خُرُوجِ الْمُعْتَدَّةِ عَنْ وَفَاةٍ نَهَارًا وَلَوْ كَانَ عِنْدَهَا نَفَقَةٌ، وَإِلَّا لَقَالُوا: لَا تَخْرُجُ الْمُعْتَدَّةُ عَنْ طَلَاقٍ، أَوْ مَوْتٍ إلَّا لِضَرُورَةٍ فَإِنَّ الْمُطَلَّقَةَ تَخْرُجُ لِلضَّرُورَةِ لَيْلًا، أَوْ نَهَارًا اهـ.

وَوَجْهُ الدَّفْعِ أَنَّ مُعْتَدَّةَ الْمَوْتِ لَمَّا كَانَتْ فِي الْعَادَةِ مُحْتَاجَةً إلَى الْخُرُوجِ لِأَجْلِ أَنْ تَكْتَسِبَ لِلنَّفَقَةِ قَالُوا: إنَّهَا تَخْرُجُ فِي النَّهَارِ وَبَعْضِ اللَّيْلِ، بِخِلَافِ الْمُطَلَّقَةِ. وَأَمَّا الْخُرُوجُ لِلضَّرُورَةِ فَلَا فَرْقَ فِيهِ بَيْنَهُمَا كَمَا نَصُّوا عَلَيْهِ فِيمَا يَأْتِي، فَالْمُرَادُ بِهِ هُنَا غَيْرُ الضَّرُورَةِ، وَلِهَذَا بَعْدَمَا أَطْلَقَ فِي كَافِي الْحَاكِمِ مَنْعَ خُرُوجِ الْمُطَلَّقَةِ

( لُهُ: وَنَحْوَ ذَلِكَ)

مِنْهُ مَا فِي الظَّهِيرِيَّةِ: لَوْ خَافَتْ بِاللَّيْلِ مِنْ أَمْرِ الْمَيِّتِ وَالْمَوْتِ وَلَا أَحَدَ مَعَهَا لَهَا التَّحَوُّلُ – وَالْخَوْفُ شَدِيدٌ – وَإِلَّا فَلَا

[5] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb Talāq, vol 10 p. 365

وَنَحْوَ ذَلِكَ مِنْ الضَّرُورَاتِ فَتَخْرُجُ لِأَقْرَبِ مَوْضِعٍ إلَيْهِ، وَفِي الطَّلَاقِ إلَى حَيْثُ شَاءَ الزَّوْجُ

وَأَمَّا الْخُرُوجُ لِلضَّرُورَةِ فَلَا فَرْقَ فِيهِ بَيْنَهُمَا كَمَا نَصُّوا عَلَيْهِ فِيمَا يَأْتِي، فَالْمُرَادُ بِهِ هُنَا غَيْرُ الضَّرُورَةِ، وَلِهَذَا بَعْدَمَا أَطْلَقَ فِي كَافِي الْحَاكِمِ مَنْعَ خُرُوجِ الْمُطَلَّقَةِ

It is permitted for a Mufti to take into consideration specific cases in order to grant leniency in extreme circumstances like Ibn Abideen Shami allowing a divorcee to emerge to earn for herself when necessary.

Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb Talāq, vol 10 p. 362

مُطْلَبٌ: الْحَقُّ أَنَّ عَلَى الْمُفْتِي أَنْ يَنْظُرَ فِي خُصُوصِ الْوَقَائِعِ.

قَالَ فِي الْفَتْحِ: وَالْحَقُّ أَنَّ عَلَى الْمُفْتِي أَنْ يَنْظُرَ فِي خُصُوصِ الْوَقَائِعِ، فَإِنْ عَلِمَ فِي وَاقِعَةٍ عَجْزَ هَذِهِ الْمُخْتَلِعَةِ عَنْ الْمَعِيشَةِ إنْ لَمْ تَخْرُجْ أَفْتَاهَا بِالْحِلِّ، وَإِنْ عَلِمَ قُدْرَتَهَا أَفْتَاهَا بِالْحُرْمَةِ اهـ وَأَقَرَّهُ فِي النَّهْرِ والشُّرُنبُلالِيَّة.

Ibn Nujaym, al-Ashbah wa Nazair, p. 72-73

أَنَّ الْأَمْرَ إذَا ضَاقَ اتَّسَعَ، وَإِذَا اتَّسَعَ ضَاقَ

مَا أُبِيحَ لِلضَّرُورَةِ يُقَدَّرُ بِقَدْرِهَا

10^th October 2023

 Question: Me and my wife were arguing and in a fit of rage, I pronounced You are Talaq’. I then added ‘here you go, you are divorced and it’s not over’ and repeated it again. The intention was to give one divorce only and the second and third time was to merely to reiterate that she is divorced, referring to the first divorce and not to pronounce multiple divorces as I am aware that issuing three divorces is not permissible. Kindly confirm whether only one divorce has occurred or three.

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

Answer

Concerning your case in question, if what you have said is true to its very nature and you only intended one divorce and the subsequent mentioning were meant to inform and reiterate the initial divorce then diyanatan (ethically; a personal matter between you and Allāh) your statement will be valid and only one divorce will count but qadha’an (judicially) it will count as multiple divorces.[1] In the case where it is classed as one divorce then you have the option to reconcile the marriage or to leave her to complete here waiting period. It begs the question whether your wife agrees to this or not. In such circumstances, the husband’s intention generally matters but if the wife heard three divorces and believes that three divorces have occurred then she must separate from you.[2] If she is unsure herself then the husband’s intention will count.

[Allãh Knows Best]

Written and researched by (Mufti) Abdul Waheed

Answer Attested by Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

[1] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb Talāq, vol 9 p. 296-297

مَطْلَبٌ الطَّلَاقُ يَقَعُ بِعَدَدٍ قُرِنَ بِهِ لَا بِهِ

كَرَّرَ لَفْظَ الطَّلَاقِ وَقَعَ الْكُلُّ، وَإِنْ نَوَى التَّأْكِيدَ دِينَ

(قَوْلُهُ كَرَّرَ لَفْظَ الطَّلَاقِ) بِأَنْ قَالَ لِلْمَدْخُولَةِ: أَنْتِ طَالِقٌ أَنْتِ طَالِقٌ أَوْ قَدْ طَلَّقْتُكِ قَدْ طَلَّقْتُكِ أَوْ أَنْتِ طَالِقٌ قَدْ طَلَّقْتُك أَوْ أَنْتِ طَالِقٌ وَأَنْتِ طَالِقٌ، وَإِذَا قَالَ: أَنْتِ طَالِقٌ ثُمَّ قِيلَ لَهُ مَا قُلْتُ؟ فَقَالَ: قَدْ طَلَّقْتُهَا أَوْ قُلْتُ هِيَ طَالِقٌ فَهِيَ طَالِقٌ وَاحِدَةً لِأَنَّهُ جَوَابٌ، كَذَا فِي كَافِي الْحَاكِمِ (قَوْلُهُ وَإِنْ نَوَى التَّأْكِيدَ دِينَ) أَيْ وَوَقَعَ الْكُلُّ قَضَاءً، وَكَذَا إذَا طَلَّقَ أَشْبَاهَ: أَيْ بِأَنْ لَمْ يَنْوِ اسْتِئْنَافًا وَلَا تَأْكِيدًا لِأَنَّ الْأَصْلَ عَدَمُ التَّأْكِيدِ (قَوْلُهُ وَإِلَّا لَا) أَيْ بِأَنْ قَصَدَ النِّدَاءَ أَوْ أَطْلَقَ فَلَا يَقَعُ عَلَى الْمُعْتَمَدِ

Fatawa Hindiyyah, Kitāb Kitāb Talāq, vol 1, p. 390

الْفَصْلُ الْأَوَّلُ فِي الطَّلَاقِ الصَّرِيحِ

رَجُلٌ قَالَ لِامْرَأَتِهِ أَنْتِ طَالِقٌ أَنْتِ طَالِقٌ أَنْتِ طَالِقٌ فَقَالَ عَنَيْت بِالْأُولَى الطَّلَاقَ وَبِالثَّانِيَةِ وَالثَّالِثَةِ إفْهَامَهَا صُدِّقَ دِيَانَةً وَفِي الْقَضَاءِ طَلُقَتْ ثَلَاثًا كَذَا فِي فَتَاوَى قَاضِي خَانْ

مَتَى كَرَّرَ لَفْظَ الطَّلَاقِ بِحَرْفِ الْوَاوِ أَوْ بِغَيْرِ حَرْفِ الْوَاوِ يَتَعَدَّدُ الطَّلَاقُ وَإِنْ عَنَى بِالثَّانِي الْأَوَّلَ لَمْ يُصَدَّقْ فِي الْقَضَاءِ كَقَوْلِهِ يَا مُطَلَّقَةٌ أَنْتِ طَالِقٌ أَوْ طَلَّقْتُك أَنْتِ طَالِقٌ وَلَوْ ذَكَرَ الثَّانِيَ بِحَرْفِ التَّفْسِيرِ وَهُوَ حَرْفُ الْفَاءِ لَا تَقَعُ أُخْرَى إلَّا بِالنِّيَّةِ كَقَوْلِهِ طَلَّقْتُك فَأَنْتِ طَالِقٌ كَذَا فِي الظَّهِيرِيَّةِ.

Fatawa Mahmodiyyah, Ch. Talaq Sareeh, vol 12, pp. 280 and 342

[2] Ibn Nujaym, Bahr Rāiq, Kitāb Talāq, vol 3, p. 277

بَابُ أَلْفَاظُ الطَّلَاقِ

وَالْمَرْأَةُ كَالْقَاضِي إذَا سَمِعَتْهُ أَوْ أَخْبَرَهَا عَدْلٌ لَا يَحِلُّ لَهَا تَمْكِينُهُ هَكَذَا اقْتَصَرَ الشَّارِحُونَ وَذَكَرَ فِي الْبَزَّازِيَّةِ وَذَكَرَ الْأُوزْجَنْدِيُّ أَنَّهَا تَرْفَعُ الْأَمْرَ إلَى الْقَاضِي فَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهَا بَيِّنَةٌ يُحَلِّفُهُ فَإِنْ حَلَفَ فَالْإِثْمُ عَلَيْهِ

Sarakhsi, al-Mabsoot, Kitāb Talāq, vol 6, p. 82

بَابُ مَا تَقَعُ بِهِ الْفُرْقَةُ مِمَّا يُشْبِهُ الطَّلَاقَ

وَكُلُّ مَا لَا يُدَيِّنُهُ الْقَاضِي فِيهِ فَكَذَلِكَ الْمَرْأَةُ إذَا سَمِعَتْ مِنْهُ أَوْ شَهِدَ بِهِ شَاهِدَا عَدْلٍ لَا يَسَعُهَا أَنْ تُدَيِّنَ الزَّوْجَ فِيهِ لِأَنَّهَا لَا تَعْرِفُ مِنْهُ إلَّا الظَّاهِرَ كَالْقَاضِي.

21^st February 2023

Question: A woman who is in her mid-30s received a talaq from her husband after numerous attempts of reconciliation and family mediation. He divorced her through a text message and both have no intention of reconciling. The issue is that this sister’s menstruation stopped a year ago because of birth control. We’ve tried to get medication to speed up her mensuration but nothing seems to help. Doctors said there is no guarantee of when her periods will return, perhaps 3 years and above. What is the Islamic ruling in regards to her waiting period? Can she observe 3 months or must she wait until her periods return after 3 years or so, which there is no guarantee?

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

Answer

Concerning the case in question, if the sister’s periods stopped the previous year and a complete year has passed and now her husband divorced her with the less likelihood chance of her menses returning after consulting reliable doctors, then she can resort to observing a waiting period of three months after the divorce. To further explain this, as a point of principle a menstruating woman is allowed to resort to a waiting period of three months under the following two conditions;

1. She reached the age of menopause which is 55 according to the standard Hanafi position
2. 6 months (or 9 months according to another view) have passed since her last period, irrespective if it was before her menopause age or after. So if before the age of 55, 6 (or 9) months have passed with no signs of menstrual bleeding then she falls under the ruling similar to a menopause.[1]

You mentioned that her menses stopped a year ago, implying that a complete year has elapsed of no signs of periods at all before her husband divorced her. Due to the fact that 6 months duration has elapsed, she can now observe a waiting period of three months immediately after receiving a divorce from her husband provided that there is no hope in her menstrual periods returning.[2] If her periods do return (with regular habit) in the future then her waiting period will now resume to three menses.[3]

[Allãh Knows Best]

Written and researched by (Mufti) Abdul Waheed

Answer Attested by Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

[1] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb Talāq, vol 5 p. 195-196

(وَ) الْإِيَاسُ (سَنَةٌ) لِلرُّومِيَّةِ وَغَيْرِهَا (خَمْسٌ وَخَمْسُونَ) عِنْدَ الْجُمْهُورِ وَعَلَيْهِ الْفَتْوَى. وَقِيلَ الْفَتْوَى عَلَى خَمْسِينَ نَهْرٌ. وَفِي الْبَحْرِ عَنْ الْجَامِعِ: صَغِيرَةٌ بَلَغَتْ ثَلَاثِينَ سَنَةً وَلَمْ تَحِضْ حُكِمَ بِإِيَاسِهَا.

وَيُؤَيِّدُهُ مَا فِي التَّتَارْخَانِيَّة عَنْ الْيَنَابِيعِ: امْرَأَةٌ مَا رَأَتْ الدَّمَ وَهِيَ بِنْتُ ثَلَاثِينَ سَنَةً مَثَلًا رَأَتْ يَوْمًا دَمًا لَا غَيْرُ ثُمَّ طَلَّقَهَا زَوْجُهَا قَالَ: لَيْسَتْ هِيَ بِآيِسَةٍ. وَقَالَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ: تَعْتَدُّ بِالشُّهُورِ لِأَنَّهَا مِنْ اللَّاتِي لَمْ يَحِضْنَ وَبِهِ نَأْخُذُ. اهـ.

ذَكَرَ فِي الْحَقَائِقِ شَرْحِ الْمَنْظُومَةِ النَّسَفِيَّةِ فِي بَابِ الْإِمَامِ مَالِكٍ مَا نَصُّهُ: وَعِنْدَنَا مَا لَمْ تَبْلُغْ حَدَّ الْإِيَاسِ لَا تَعْتَدُّ بِالْأَشْهُرِ، وَحَدُّهُ خَمْسٌ وَخَمْسُونَ سَنَةً هُوَ الْمُخْتَارُ، لَكِنَّهُ يُشْتَرَطُ لِلْحُكْمِ بِالْإِيَاسِ فِي هَذِهِ الْمُدَّةِ أَنْ يَنْقَطِعَ الدَّمُ عَنْهَا مُدَّةً طَوِيلَةً وَهِيَ سِتَّةُ أَشْهُرٍ فِي الْأَصَحِّ، ثُمَّ هَلْ يُشْتَرَطُ أَنْ يَكُونَ انْقِطَاعُ سِتَّةِ أَشْهُرٍ بَعْدَ مُدَّةِ الْإِيَاسِ؟ الْأَصَحُّ أَنَّهُ لَيْسَ بِشَرْطٍ، حَتَّى لَوْ كَانَ مُنْقَطِعًا قَبْلَ مُدَّةِ الْإِيَاسِ ثُمَّ تَمَّتْ مُدَّةُ الْإِيَاسِ وَطَلَّقَهَا زَوْجُهَا يُحْكَمُ بِإِيَاسِهَا وَتَعْتَدُّ بِثَلَاثَةِ أَشْهُرٍ،

[2] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb Talāq, vol 5 p. 185-186

(وَ) الْعِدَّةُ (فِي) حَقِّ (مَنْ لَمْ تَحِضْ) حُرَّةً أَمْ أُمَّ وَلَدٍ (لِصِغَرٍ) بِأَنْ لَمْ تَبْلُغْ تِسْعًا (أَوْ كِبَرٍ) . بِأَنْ بَلَغَتْ سِنَّ الْإِيَاسِ (أَوْ بَلَغَتْ بِالسِّنِّ) وَخَرَجَ بِقَوْلِهِ (وَلَمْ تَحِضْ) الشَّابَّةُ الْمُمْتَدَّةُ بِالطُّهْرِ بِأَنْ حَاضَتْ ثُمَّ امْتَدَّ طُهْرُهَا، فَتَعْتَدُّ بِالْحَيْضِ إلَى أَنْ تَبْلُغَ سِنَّ الْإِيَاسِ جَوْهَرَةٌ وَغَيْرُهَا، وَمَا فِي شَرْحِ الْوَهْبَانِيَّةِ مِنْ انْقِضَائِهَا بِتِسْعَةِ أَشْهُرٍ غَرِيبٌ مُخَالِفٌ لِجَمِيعِ الرِّوَايَاتِ فَلَا يُفْتَى بِهِ.

(قَوْلُهُ: أَوْ بَلَغَتْ بِالسِّنِّ) أَيْ خَمْسَ عَشْرَةَ سَنَةً ط عَنْ الْعِنَايَةِ، وَمِثْلُهَا لَوْ بَلَغَتْ بِالْإِنْزَالِ قَبْلَ هَذِهِ الْمُدَّةِ، وَقَوْلُهُ: وَلَمْ تَحِضْ شَامِلٌ لِمَا إذَا لَمْ تَرَ دَمًا أَصْلًا، أَوْ رَأَتْ وَانْقَطَعَ قَبْلَ التَّمَامِ. قَالَ فِي الْبَحْرِ عَنْ التَّتَارْخَانِيَّة بَلَغَتْ فَرَأَتْ يَوْمًا دَمًا ثُمَّ انْقَطَعَ حَتَّى مَضَتْ سَنَةٌ ثُمَّ طَلَّقَهَا فَعِدَّتُهَا بِالْأَشْهُرِ. اهـ. وَسَيَذْكُرُ الشَّارِحُ عَنْ الْبَحْرِ أَنَّهَا إذَا بَلَغَتْ ثَلَاثِينَ سَنَةً وَلَمْ تَحِضْ حُكِمَ بِإِيَاسِهَا وَيَأْتِي بَيَانُهُ بَيَانُهُ (قَوْلُهُ: بِأَنْ حَاضَتْ) أَيْ ثَلَاثَةَ أَيَّامٍ مَثَلًا (قَوْلُهُ: ثُمَّ امْتَدَّ طُهْرُهَا) أَيْ سَنَةً، أَوْ أَكْثَرَ بَحْرٌ (قَوْلُهُ: مِنْ انْقِضَائِهَا بِتِسْعَةِ أَشْهُرٍ) سَنَةٌ مِنْهَا مُدَّةُ الْإِيَاسِ وَثَلَاثَةٌ مِنْهَا لِلْعِدَّةِ. وَرَأَيْت بِخَطِّ شَيْخِ مَشَايِخِنَا السَّائِحَانِيِّ أَنَّ الْمُعْتَمَدَ عِنْدَ الْمَالِكِيَّةِ أَنَّهُ لَا بُدَّ لِوَفَاءِ الْعِدَّةِ مِنْ سَنَةٍ كَامِلَةٍ تِسْعَةِ أَشْهُرٍ لِمُدَّةِ الْإِيَاسِ وَثَلَاثَةِ أَشْهُرٍ لِانْقِضَاءِ الْعِدَّةِ. قُلْت: وَلِذَا عَبَّرَ فِي الْمَجْمَعِ بِالْحَوْلِ.

(قَوْلُهُ: نَعَمْ لَوْ قَضَى مَالِكِيٌّ بِذَلِكَ نَفَذَ) لِأَنَّهُ مُجْتَهِدٌ فِيهِ، وَهَذَا كُلُّهُ رَدٌّ عَلَى مَا فِي الْبَزَّازِيَّةِ. قَالَ الْعَلَّامَةُ: وَالْفَتْوَى فِي زَمَانِنَا عَلَى قَوْلِ مَالِكٍ وَعَلَى مَا فِي جَامِعِ الْفُصُولَيْنِ: لَوْ قَضَى قَاضٍ بِانْقِضَاءِ عِدَّتِهَا بَعْدَ مُضِيِّ تِسْعَةِ أَشْهُرٍ نَفَذَ اهـ لِأَنَّ الْمُعْتَمَدَ أَنَّ الْقَاضِيَ لَا يَصِحُّ قَضَاؤُهُ بِغَيْرِ مَذْهَبِهِ خُصُوصًا قُضَاةُ زَمَانِنَا

قُلْت: لَكِنَّ هَذَا ظَاهِرٌ إذَا أَمْكَنَ قَضَاءُ مَالِكِيٍّ بِهِ، أَوْ تَحْكِيمُهُ، أَمَّا فِي بِلَادٍ لَا يُوجَدُ فِيهَا مَالِكِيٌّ يَحْكُمُ بِهِ فَالضَّرُورَةُ مُتَحَقِّقَةٌ، وَكَأَنَّ هَذَا وَجْهُ مَا مَرَّ عَنْ الْبَزَّازِيَّةِ وَالْفُصُولَيْنِ، فَلَا يَرِدُ قَوْلُهُ: فِي النَّهْرِ إنَّهُ لَا دَاعِيَ إلَى الْإِفْتَاءِ بِقَوْلٍ نَعْتَقِدُ أَنَّهُ خَطَأٌ يَحْتَمِلُ الصَّوَابَ مَعَ إمْكَانِ التَّرَافُعِ إلَى مَالِكِيٍّ يَحْكُمُ بِهِ اهـ تَأَمَّلْ، وَلِهَذَا قَالَ الزَّاهِدِيُّ: وَقَدْ كَانَ بَعْضُ أَصْحَابِنَا يُفْتُونَ بِقَوْلِ مَالِكٍ فِي هَذِهِ الْمَسْأَلَةِ لِلضَّرُورَةِ. اهـ

(قَوْلُهُ: نَعَمْ لَوْ قَضَى مَالِكِيٌّ بِذَلِكَ نَفَذَ)

لِأَنَّهُ مُجْتَهِدٌ فِيهِ، وَهَذَا كُلُّهُ رَدٌّ عَلَى مَا فِي الْبَزَّازِيَّةِ. قَالَ الْعَلَّامَةُ: وَالْفَتْوَى فِي زَمَانِنَا عَلَى قَوْلِ مَالِكٍ وَعَلَى مَا فِي جَامِعِ الْفُصُولَيْنِ: لَوْ قَضَى قَاضٍ بِانْقِضَاءِ عِدَّتِهَا بَعْدَ مُضِيِّ تِسْعَةِ أَشْهُرٍ نَفَذَ اهـ لِأَنَّ الْمُعْتَمَدَ أَنَّ الْقَاضِيَ لَا يَصِحُّ قَضَاؤُهُ بِغَيْرِ مَذْهَبِهِ خُصُوصًا قُضَاةُ زَمَانِنَا

Ibn Nujaym, Bahr Rāiq, Kitāb Kitāb Talāq, vol 4 p. 142

وَفِي التَّتَارْخَانِيَّة امْرَأَةٌ رَأَتْ الدَّمَ وَهِيَ بِنْتُ ثَلَاثِينَ سَنَةً مَثَلًا رَأَتْ يَوْمًا دَمًا لَا غَيْرَ ثُمَّ طَلَّقَهَا زَوْجُهَا قَالَ لَيْسَتْ هِيَ آيِسَةً وَقَالَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ تَعْتَدُّ بِالشُّهُورِ؛ لِأَنَّهَا مِنْ اللَّائِي لَمْ يَحِضْنَ وَبِهِ نَأْخُذُ اهـ.

وَفِي الصُّغْرَى وَاعْتِبَارُ الشُّهُورِ فِي الْعِدَّةِ بِالْأَيَّامِ دُونَ الْأَهِلَّةِ بِالْإِجْمَاعِ إنَّمَا الْخِلَافُ بَيْنَ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ وَصَاحِبَيْهِ فِي الْإِجَارَةِ اهـ.

وَفِي الْمُجْتَبَى جَعَلَهُ عَلَى الْخِلَافِ كَالْإِجَارَةِ وَالدَّيْنِ وَإِنَّمَا تُعْتَبَرُ بِالْأَيَّامِ إجْمَاعًا مُدَّةُ الْعِنِّينِ، وَفِي التَّتَارْخَانِيَّة امْرَأَةٌ بَلَغَتْ فَرَأَتْ يَوْمًا دَمًا ثُمَّ انْقَطَعَ عَنْهَا الدَّمُ حَتَّى مَضَتْ سَنَةٌ ثُمَّ طَلَّقَهَا زَوْجُهَا فَعِدَّتُهَا بِالْأَشْهُرِ اهـ.

وَخَرَجَ بِقَوْلِهِ إنْ لَمْ تَحِضْ الشَّابَّةُ الْمُمْتَدُّ طُهْرُهَا فَلَا تَعْتَدُّ بِالْأَشْهُرِ وَصُورَتُهَا إذَا رَأَتْ ثَلَاثَةَ أَيَّامٍ وَانْقَطَعَ وَمَضَى سَنَةٌ أَوْ أَكْثَرُ ثُمَّ طَلُقَتْ فَعِدَّتُهَا بِالْحَيْضِ إلَى أَنْ تَبْلُغَ إلَى حَدِّ الْإِيَاسِ وَهُوَ خَمْسٌ وَخَمْسُونَ سَنَةً فِي الْمُخْتَارِ كَذَا فِي الْبَزَّازِيَّةِ وَمِنْ الْغَرِيبِ مَا فِي الْبَزَّازِيَّةِ قَالَ الْعَلَّامَةُ وَالْفَتْوَى فِي زَمَانِنَا عَلَى قَوْلِ مَالِكٍ فِي عِدَّةِ الْآيِسَةِ اهـ.

Also see Ahsanul Fatawa, vol 5, Ch. Iddah p 444 – 446

According to the Maliki school, a divorced woman whose period has ceased can wait up to 9 months after divorce and thereafter observe a waiting period of 3 months for her post-divorce waiting period to complete.  See Sharhul Kabeer wa Hashiyah Dasooqi vol 2, p. 470

[عدة الْحُرَّة]

(وَإِنْ) (لَمْ تُمَيِّزْ) الْمُسْتَحَاضَةُ الْمُطَلَّقَةُ بَيْنَ الدَّمَيْنِ (أَوْ) (تَأَخَّرَ) حَيْضُ الْمُطَلَّقَةِ (بِلَا سَبَبٍ) أَصْلًا (أَوْ) بِسَبَبِ أَنَّهَا (مَرِضَتْ) قَبْلَ الطَّلَاقِ أَوْ بَعْدَهُ فَانْقَطَعَ حَيْضُهَا (تَرَبَّصَتْ) فِي هَذِهِ الْمَسَائِلِ الثَّلَاثَةِ (تِسْعَةً) مِنْ الْأَشْهُرِ اسْتِبْرَاءً لِزَوَالِ الرِّيبَةِ؛ لِأَنَّهَا مُدَّةُ الْحَمْلِ غَالِبًا (ثُمَّ اعْتَدَّتْ بِثَلَاثَةٍ) وَحَلَّتْ بَعْدَ السَّنَةِ حُرَّةً أَوْ أَمَةً وَشُبِّهَ فِي الثَّلَاثَةِ قَوْلُهُ: (كَعِدَّةِ مَنْ لَمْ تَرَ الْحَيْضَ) لِصِغَرٍ، وَهِيَ مُطِيقَةٌ أَوْ لِكَوْنِهَا لَمْ تَرَهُ أَصْلًا.

[3] Ibn Nujaym, Bahr Rāiq, Kitāb Kitāb Talāq, vol 4 p. 150

(قَوْلُهُ وَمَنْ عَادَ دَمُهَا بَعْدَ الْأَشْهُرِ الْحَيْضُ) أَيْ: وَعِدَّةُ مَنْ اعْتَدَّتْ بِالْأَشْهُرِ لِإِيَاسِهَا ثُمَّ رَأَتْ دَمًا الْحَيْضُ فَيُنْتَقَضُ مَا مَضَى مِنْ عِدَّتِهَا وَعَلَيْهَا أَنْ تَسْتَأْنِفَ الْعِدَّةَ بِالْحَيْضِ وَمَعْنَاهُ إذَا رَأَتْ الدَّمَ عَلَى الْعَادَةِ؛ لِأَنَّ عَوْدَهُ يُبْطِلُ إيَاسَهَا وَهُوَ الصَّحِيحُ فَظَهَرَ أَنَّهُ لَمْ يَكُنْ خَلْفًا، وَهَذَا؛ لِأَنَّ شَرْطَ الْخَلْفِيَّةِ تَحَقُّقُ الْيَأْسِ وَذَلِكَ بِاسْتِدَامَةِ الْعَجْزِ إلَى الْمَمَاتِ كَالْفِدْيَةِ فِي حَقِّ الشَّيْخِ الْفَانِي كَذَا فِي الْهِدَايَةِ

Fatawa Hindiyyah, Kitāb Kitāb Talāq, vol 1, p. 529

إنْ كَانَتْ آيِسَةً فَاعْتَدَّتْ بِالشُّهُورِ، ثُمَّ رَأَتْ الدَّمَ انْتَقَضَ مَا مَضَى مِنْ عِدَّتِهَا، وَعَلَيْهَا أَنْ تَسْتَأْنِفَ الْعِدَّةَ بِالْحَيْضِ وَمَعْنَاهُ إذَا رَأَتْ الدَّمَ عَلَى الْعَادَةِ؛ لِأَنَّ عَوْدَهَا يُبْطِلُ الْإِيَاسَ هُوَ الصَّحِيحُ كَذَا فِي الْهِدَايَةِ.

23^rd November 2022

Question: Almost 10 years we have not had a martial relationship due to my husband erectile dysfunction which has been medically proven and was provided with an artificial rubber penis. I have been married 24 years we have never had a relationship where we connected from the heart for me it was due to lack of support and family pressure and not knowing my Islamic rights. We don’t have any children.  I have spoken to my husband on several occasions discussing that we dissolve this marriage so I can move forward in life without doing any sin. But he is in denial and will not admit he has a medical problem and nor does he want to divorce me.  My question to you is what is the fatwa for a married women in Islām and what is my right in this situation as I have needs which are not being fulfilled?  I do not want to commit zina but my needs are not being met by him.

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

Answer

Concerning your case scenario, your Islamic right to demand a divorce depends on a number of factors such as, whether this particular illness falls under the Islamic category of ineen or not, his condition existed before the marriage or occurred after the marriage. If before the marriage then whether you knew about it beforehand and consented to it or not and moreover, whether the marriage was consummated even once with full penetration or not. If the illness occurred after the marriage, then how long after the marriage did he suffer from such condition and to what extent has this mentally impacted you and whether the medical treatment has made any difference to him or not. These are the broad question that the board members of Sharī῾ah Council ask before deciding to dissolve the marriage if the husband is no willing to divorce his wife.[1] Since you are enquiring about the legitimacy of demanding divorce, our detailed answer is as follows.

Erectile dysfunction is a sexual deficiency that is not uncommon amongst men especially above the age of 40 (but some cases less than that) that can be caused by stress, anxiety, diabetes, high blood pressure or any other medical condition affecting the genital area. It occurs when there is not enough blood flow into the penis to trap the blood for erection during intimacy.[2] Though the doctors have provided your husband with an artificial rubber penis as a safe alternative, it has no legal implication nor can it be deemed similar to an actual penis fulfilling his wife’s sexual right, like an impotent man inserting his finger to satisfy his wife. His condition resembles to what the classical jurists refer to as an inneen – a person who is unable to have intimate relationship nor can he penetrate his wife’s vaginal area. The causes of this sexual deficiency may include old age, black magic, illness, sterilised and so forth. In all instances, he is unable to have an erection for penetration.[3]

When the husband becomes an impotent then his wife has the legitimate right to ask for a divorce. If there is a likelihood fear that she will fall into zina then ethically he should divorce her so to allow her to move on with her life. If he still refuses then she must present her case to a reputable Sharī῾ah Council who upon investigation will dissolve the marriage under the following conditions;

1. She was unaware of his condition before the marriage.
2. She did not consent to his condition nor expressed clear consent upon discovering it. If she did consent then her right to divorce is revoked.
3. The marriage was not consummated at all. If it was consummated and thereafter became impotent then she has no right to dissolution.[4]

The Sharī῾ah Council will then give him one year respite for his treatment and if thereafter, he is not cured then they will dissolve the marriage. The wife’s respite does not count due to not presenting the case in front of the Sharī῾ah Council who are responsible for dissolving the marriage.[5] Thus, despite the medical documentation she provides, the Sharī῾ah Council would in principle still give one year of respite.

Having said the above, there are a few concerns that need to be addressed. The first being the sexual rights of the couple. The jurists such as Ibn Abideen Shami rahimahullah explain that the rights to sexual relationship belong to both the husband and wife. Just as his sexual needs ought to be fulfilled then so should her needs must be met and failing to do so is tantamount to neglecting her fundamental rights to which Islamically she has every right to object. Judicially (qadha’an), he must consummate the marriage at least once otherwise the judge can coerce him to do so, but ethically (diyanatan) compulsory more than once (or as frequent as possible). Some jurists maintain that the judge can even coerce him to be intimate with her more than once if he refuses, thus implying that consummation even more than once is judicially necessary, not just ethically.[6] Hence, the Sharī῾ah Councils can overrule the third condition above by taking her concerns into consideration and dissolve the marriage if he can no longer fulfil her sexual needs even if the marriage was consummated once.

A final point on this is that deprivation of sexual needs despite being married for a long-time can most likely result in tension and discord between the couple which can negatively impact the Islamic spirit of marriage which is built on peace and tranquillity. In other words, peace in marriage comes from heathy sexual relationship and when this is absent then so is the peaceful relationship in marriage. Strict application of the above conditions; consummation at least once and her initial consent, and her husband’s unwillingness to divorce falls contrary to the Islamic spirit of Nikah. Thus, in due consideration of this as Shaykh Khalid Sayfullah Rahmani also maintains is that despite if she initially consented to his condition and consummated, if her sexual needs are being neglected due to the husband’s impotency such as in the above case, her marriage can be dissolved so to safeguard her from further harm.[7]

In summary, it is permissible for you to ask for a divorce and if he refuses then you can present your case to a reputable Sharī῾ah Council who may dissolve your marriage upon examining your condition.

 [Allãh Knows Best]

Written and researched by (Mufti) Abdul Waheed

Answer Attested by Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

[1] For more details, see Mufti Mahmood Hasan Gangohi Fatawa Mahmoodiyyah, Ch. Faskh and Tafreeq, vol 13, p. 273-274

[2] NHS, (2020) Erectile Dysfunction (impotence), at: Erectile dysfunction (impotence) – NHS (www.nhs.uk) [accessed 4th November 2022]

[3] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb Talāq, vol 3 p. 494

بَابُ الْعِنِّينِ

وَغَيْرِهِ (هُوَ) لُغَةً مَنْ لَا يَقْدِرُ عَلَى الْجِمَاعِ فِعِّيلٌ بِمَعْنَى مَفْعُولٍ جَمْعُهُ عُنُنٌ. وَشَرْعًا (مَنْ لَا يَقْدِرُ عَلَى جِمَاعِ فَرْجِ زَوْجَتِهِ) يَعْنِي لِمَانِعٍ مِنْهُ كَكِبْرِ سِنٍّ، أَوْ سِحْرٍ

شُرُوعٌ فِي بَيَانِ مَنْ بِهِ مَرَضٌ لَهُ تَعَلُّقٌ بِالنِّكَاحِ (قَوْلُهُ: وَغَيْرِهِ) الْأَوْلَى وَنَحْوِهِ مِنْ كُلِّ مَنْ لَا يَقْدِرُ عَلَى جِمَاعِ زَوْجَتِهِ: كَالْمَجْبُوبِ، وَالْخَصِيِّ، وَالْمَسْحُورِ، وَالشَّيْخِ الْكَبِيرِ، وَالشَّكَّازِ – كَشَدَّادٍ بِشِينٍ مُعْجَمَةٍ وَزَايٍ –: مَنْ إذَا حَدَّثَ الْمَرْأَةَ أَنْزَلَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُخَالِطَهَا قَامُوسٌ (قَوْلُهُ: عَلَى الْجِمَاعِ) أَيْ جِمَاعِ زَوْجَتِهِ، أَوْ غَيْرِهَا، فَهُوَ أَعَمُّ مِنْ الْمَعْنَى الشَّرْعِيِّ الْآتِي

(قَوْلُهُ: عَلَى جِمَاعِ فَرْجِ زَوْجَتِهِ) – أَيْ مَعَ وُجُودِ الْآلَةِ سَوَاءٌ كَانَتْ تَقُومُ أَوْ لَا – أَخْرَجَ الدُّبُرَ فَلَا يَخْرُجُ عَنْ الْعُنَّةِ بِالْإِدْخَالِ فِيهِ خِلَافًا لِابْنِ عَقِيلٍ مِنْ الْحَنَابِلَةِ مِعْرَاجٌ لِأَنَّ الْإِدْخَالَ فِيهِ وَإِنْ كَانَ أَشَدَّ، لَكِنَّهُ قَدْ يَكُونُ مَمْنُوعًا عَنْ الْإِدْخَالِ فِي الْفَرْجِ لِسِحْرٍ

Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitābus Talāq, vol 3 p. 494

(وَلَوْ وَجَدَتْهُ عِنِّينًا) هُوَ مَنْ لَا يَصِلُ إلَى النِّسَاءِ لِمَرَضٍ أَوْ كِبَرٍ، أَوْ سِحْرٍ وَيُسَمَّى الْمَعْقُودَ وَهْبَانِيَّةٌ (أَوْ خَصِيًّا) لَا يَنْتَشِرُ ذَكَرُهُ، فَإِنْ انْتَشَرَ لَمْ تُخَيَّرْ بَحْرٌ

(قَوْلُهُ: وَلَوْ وَجَدَتْهُ) أَيْ لَوْ وَجَدَتْ الْمَرْأَةُ الْحُرَّةُ غَيْرُ الرَّتْقَاءِ – كَمَا مَرَّ فِي زَوْجَةِ الْمَجْبُوبِ – زَوْجَهَا، وَلَوْ مَعْتُوهًا فَيُؤَجَّلُ بِحَضْرَةِ خَصْمٍ عَنْهُ كَمَا فِي الْبَحْرِ، وَيُشْتَرَطُ لِتَأْجِيلِهِ فِي الْحَالِ كَوْنُهُ بَالِغًا، أَوْ مُرَاهِقًا، وَكَوْنُهُ صَحِيحًا وَغَيْرَ مُتَلَبِّسٍ بِإِحْرَامٍ كَمَا سَيَأْتِي؛ وَشَمِلَ مَا لَوْ وَصَلَ إلَيْهَا ثُمَّ أَبَانَهَا ثُمَّ تَزَوَّجَهَا وَلَمْ يَصِلْ إلَيْهَا فِي النِّكَاحِ الثَّانِي لِتَجَدُّدِ حَقِّ الْمُطَالَبَةِ بِكُلِّ عَقْدٍ كَمَا فِي الْبَحْرِ (قَوْلُهُ: عِنِّينًا) وَمِثْلُهُ الشَّكَّازُ كَمَا مَرَّ (قَوْلُهُ: هُوَ مَنْ لَا يَصِلُ إلَى النِّسَاءِ إلَخْ) هَذَا مَعْنَاهُ لُغَةً، وَأَمَّا مَعْنَاهُ الشَّرْعِيُّ الْمُرَادُ هُنَا: فَهُوَ مَنْ لَا يَقْدِرُ عَلَى جِمَاعِ فَرْجِ زَوْجَتِهِ مَعَ قِيَامِ الْآلَةِ لِمَرَضٍ بِهِ كَمَا مَرَّ،

Ibn Nujaym, Bahr Rāiq, Kitāb Talāq, vol 4 p. 133

بَابُ الْعِنِّينِ

وَأَمَّا عِنْدَ الْفُقَهَاءِ فَهُوَ مَنْ لَا يَصِلُ إلَى النِّسَاءِ مَعَ قِيَامِ الْآلَةِ لِمَرَضٍ بِهِ وَإِنْ كَانَ يَصِلُ إلَى الثَّيِّبِ دُونَ الْبِكْرِ أَوْ إلَى بَعْضِ النِّسَاءِ دُونَ بَعْضٍ سَوَاءٌ كَانَتْ آلَتُهُ تَقُومُ أَوْ لَا كَمَا فِي الْعِنَايَةِ……

وَلِذَا قَالَ فِي شَرْحِ الْمَنْظُومَةِ الشَّكَّازُ بِفَتْحِ الْمُعْجَمَةِ وَكَافٍ مُشَدَّدَةٍ وَبَعْدَ الْأَلْفِ زَايٌ هُوَ الَّذِي إذَا جَذَبَ الْمَرْأَةَ أَنْزَلَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُخَالِطَهَا ثُمَّ لَا تَنْتَشِرُ آلَتُهُ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ لِجِمَاعِهَا وَهُوَ مِنْ قَبِيلِ الْعِنِّينِ لَهَا الْمُطَالَبَةُ بِالتَّفْرِيقِ وَإِنْ كَانَ يَصِلُ إلَى الثَّيِّبِ دُونَ الْبِكْرِ أَوْ إلَى بَعْضِ النِّسَاءِ دُونَ بَعْضٍ لِضَعْفِ طَبِيعَتِهِ أَوْ لِكِبَرِ سِنِّهِ أَوْ سِحْرٍ فَهُوَ عِنِّينٌ فِي حَقِّ مَنْ لَا يَصِلُ إلَيْهَا لِفَوَاتِ الْمَقْصُودِ فِي حَقِّهَا

[4] Maulana Abdus Samad Rahmani, faskh wa Tafreeq, p. 107

Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitābus Talāq, vol 3 p. 501

(تَزَوَّجَ) الْأُولَى، أَوْ امْرَأَةً (أُخْرَى عَالِمَةً بِحَالِهِ لَا خِيَارَ لَهَا عَلَى الْمَذْهَبِ) الْمُفْتَى بِهِ بَحْرٌ عَنْ الْمُحِيطِ خِلَافًا لِتَصْحِيحِ الْخَانِيَّةِ.

قُلْت: وَوَجْهُ الْمُفْتَى بِهِ أَنَّهُ بَعْدَ عِلْمِهَا بِتَحَقُّقِ عَجْزِهِ وَعَدَمِ عِلْمِهَا بِأَنَّ عَجْزَهُ مُخْتَصٌّ بِالْأُولَى تَكُونُ رَاضِيَةً بِهِ، وَطَمَعُهَا فِي وُصُولِهِ إلَيْهَا يُؤَكِّدُ رِضَاهَا بِهِ

Ibn Nujaym, Bahr Rāiq, Kitāb Talāq, vol 4 p. 135

وَأَشَارَ إلَى أَنَّهُ لَوْ وَطِئَهَا مَرَّةً لَا حَقَّ لَهَا فِي الْمُطَالَبَةِ لِسُقُوطِ حَقِّهَا بِالْمَرَّةِ قَضَاءً وَمَا زَادَ عَلَيْهَا فَهُوَ مُسْتَحَقٌّ دِيَانَةً لَا قَضَاءً كَمَا فِي جَامِعِ قَاضِي خَانْ، وَفِي فَتَاوَاهُ لَوْ كَانَ يَأْتِيهَا فِيمَا دُونَ الْفَرْجِ حَتَّى يُنْزِلَ وَتُنْزِلَ وَلَا يَصِلُ إلَيْهَا فِي فَرْجِهَا وَقَامَتْ مَعَهُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ زَمَانًا وَهِيَ بِكْرٌ أَوْ ثَيِّبٌ ثُمَّ خَاصَمَتْهُ إلَى الْقَاضِي أَجَّلَهُ الْقَاضِي سَنَةً، وَلَوْ وَطِئَهَا بَعْدَ التَّأْجِيل سَقَطَ حَقُّهَا وَلَوْ حَائِضًا أَوْ نُفَسَاءَ أَوْ صَائِمَةً أَوْ مُحْرِمَةً كَذَا فِي الْمِعْرَاجِ وَإِلَى أَنَّ الزَّوْجَ لَوْ طَلَبَ أَنْ يُؤَجِّلَ بَعْدَ السَّنَةِ، وَلَوْ يَوْمًا لَا يُجِيبُهُ الْقَاضِي إلَّا بِرِضَاهَا وَلَهَا الرُّجُوعُ وَاخْتِيَارُ الْفُرْقَةِ كَذَا فِي الِاخْتِيَارِ وَقَدَّمْنَا أَنَّ الْمُرَادَ بِالزَّوْجَةِ الْحُرَّةُ

[5] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitābus Talāq, vol 3 p. 497

(أُجِّلَ سَنَةً) لِاشْتِمَالِهَا عَلَى الْفُصُولِ الْأَرْبَعَةِ، وَلَا عِبْرَةَ بِتَأْجِيلِ غَيْرِ قَاضِي الْبَلْدَةِ (قَمَرِيَّةً) بِالْأَهِلَّةِ عَلَى الْمَذْهَبِ وَهِيَ ثَلَثُمِائَةٍ وَأَرْبَعَةٌ وَخَمْسُونَ يَوْمًا وَبَعْضُ يَوْمٍ، وَقِيلَ: شَمْسِيَّةً بِالْأَيَّامِ وَهِيَ أَزْيَدُ بِأَحَدَ عَشَرَ يَوْمًا، قِيلَ وَبِهِ يُفْتَى،

فَالْحَقُّ أَنَّ التَّفْرِيقَ إمَّا بِغَلَبَةِ ظَنِّ عَدَمِ زَوَالِهِ لِزَمَانَتِهِ أَوْ لِلْآفَةِ الْأَصْلِيَّةِ، وَمُضِيُّ السَّنَةِ مُوجِبٌ لِذَلِكَ، أَوْ هُوَ عَدَمُ إيفَاءِ حَقِّهَا، وَالسَّنَةُ جُعِلَتْ غَايَةً فِي الصَّبْرِ وَإِبْلَاءِ الْعُذْرِ شَرْعًا، وَتَمَامُهُ فِي الْفَتْحِ (قَوْلُهُ: وَلَا عِبْرَةَ بِتَأْجِيلِ غَيْرِ قَاضِي الْبَلْدَةِ) لِأَنَّ هَذَا مُقَدِّمَةُ أَمْرٍ لَا يَكُونُ إلَّا عِنْدَ الْقَاضِي وَهُوَ الْفُرْقَةُ فَكَذَا مُقَدِّمَتُهُ وَلْوَالِجِيَّةٌ، فَلَا يُعْتَبَرُ تَأْجِيلُ الْمَرْأَةِ وَلَا تَأْجِيلُ غَيْرِهَا بَحْرٌ عَنْ الْخَانِيَّةِ، وَلَا يُعْتَبَرُ تَأْجِيلُ غَيْرِ الْحَاكِمِ كَائِنًا مَنْ كَانَ فَتْحٌ، وَظَاهِرُهُ وَلَوْ مُحَكَّمًا تَأَمَّلْ. وَفِي الْبَحْرِ: وَلَوْ عُزِلَ الْقَاضِي بَعْدَمَا أَجَّلَهُ بَنَى الْمَوْلَى عَلَى التَّأْجِيلِ الْأَوَّلِ (قَوْلُهُ: بِالْأَهِلَّةِ عَلَى الْمَذْهَبِ) وَجْهُهُ أَنَّ الثَّابِتَ عَنْ الصَّحَابَةِ كَعُمَرَ وَغَيْرِهِ اسْمُ السَّنَةِ، وَأَهْلُ الشَّرْعِ إنَّمَا يَتَعَارَفُونَ الْأَشْهُرَ وَالسِّنِينَ بِالْأَهِلَّةِ، فَإِذَا أَطْلَقُوا السَّنَةَ انْصَرَفُوا إلَى ذَلِكَ مَا لَمْ يُصَرِّحُوا بِخِلَافِهِ فَتْحٌ

(قَوْلُهُ: وَقِيلَ شَمْسِيَّةٌ) اخْتَارَهُ شَمْسُ الْأَئِمَّةِ السَّرَخْسِيُّ وَقَاضِي خَانْ وَظَهِيرُ الدِّينِ، وَهِيَ رِوَايَةُ الْحَسَنِ عَنْ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ فَتْحٌ. وَعَنْ مُحَمَّدٍ أَنَّ الِاعْتِبَارَ لِلْعَدَدِيَّةِ وَهِيَ ثَلَثُمِائَةٍ وَسِتُّونَ يَوْمًا قُهُسْتَانِيٌّ (قَوْلُهُ: وَهِيَ أَزْيَدُ بِأَحَدَ عَشَرَ يَوْمًا) أَيْ وَخَمْسِ سَاعَاتٍ وَخَمْسٍ وَخَمْسِينَ دَقِيقَةً، أَوْ تِسْعٍ وَأَرْبَعِينَ دَقِيقَةً، وَتَمَامُهُ فِي الْقُهُسْتَانِيِّ

[6] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitābus Nikāh, vol 3 p. 202-3

بَابُ الْقَسْمِ

(قَوْلُهُ وَيَسْقُطُ حَقُّهَا بِمَرَّةٍ) قَالَ فِي الْفَتْحِ: وَاعْلَمْ أَنَّ تَرْكَ جِمَاعِهَا مُطْلَقًا لَا يَحِلُّ لَهُ، صَرَّحَ أَصْحَابُنَا بِأَنَّ جِمَاعَهَا أَحْيَانًا وَاجِبٌ دِيَانَةً، لَكِنْ لَا يَدْخُلُ تَحْتَ الْقَضَاءِ وَالْإِلْزَامِ إلَّا الْوَطْأَةُ الْأُولَى وَلَمْ يُقَدِّرُوا فِيهِ مُدَّةً.

وَيَجِبُ أَنْ لَا يَبْلُغَ بِهِ مُدَّةَ الْإِيلَاءِ إلَّا بِرِضَاهَا وَطِيبِ نَفْسِهَا بِهِ. اهـ. قَالَ فِي النَّهْرِ: فِي هَذَا الْكَلَامِ تَصْرِيحٌ بِأَنَّ الْجِمَاعَ بَعْدَ الْمَرَّةِ حَقُّهُ لَا حَقُّهَا اهـ. قُلْت: فِيهِ نَظَرٌ بَلْ هُوَ حَقُّهُ وَحَقُّهَا أَيْضًا، لِمَا عَلِمْت مِنْ أَنَّهُ وَاجِبٌ دِيَانَةً. قَالَ فِي الْبَحْرِ: وَحَيْثُ عُلِمَ أَنَّ الْوَطْءَ لَا يَدْخُلُ تَحْتَ الْقَسْمِ فَهَلْ هُوَ وَاجِبٌ لِلزَّوْجَةِ وَفِي الْبَدَائِعِ: لَهَا أَنْ تُطَالِبَهُ بِالْوَطْءِ لِأَنَّ حِلَّهُ لَهَا حَقُّهَا، كَمَا أَنَّ حِلَّهَا لَهُ حَقُّهُ، وَإِذَا طَالَبَتْهُ يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ وَيُجْبَرُ عَلَيْهِ فِي الْحُكْمِ مَرَّةً وَالزِّيَادَةُ تَجِبُ دِيَانَةً لَا فِي الْحُكْمِ عِنْدَ بَعْضِ أَصْحَابِنَا وَعِنْدَ بَعْضِهِمْ تَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ فِي الْحُكْمِ. وَبِهِ عُلِمَ أَنَّهُ كَانَ عَلَى الشَّارِحِ أَنْ يَقُولَ وَيَسْقُطُ حَقُّهَا بِمَرَّةٍ فِي الْقَضَاءِ أَيْ لِأَنَّهُ لَوْ لَمْ يُصِبْهَا مَرَّةً يُؤَجِّلُهُ الْقَاضِي سَنَةً ثُمَّ يَفْسَخُ الْعَقْدَ. أَمَّا لَوْ أَصَابَهَا مَرَّةً وَاحِدَةً لَمْ يَتَعَرَّضْ لَهُ لِأَنَّهُ عَلِمَ أَنَّهُ غَيْرُ عِنِّينٍ وَقْتَ الْعَقْدِ، بَلْ يَأْمُرُهُ بِالزِّيَادَةِ أَحْيَانًا لِوُجُوبِهَا عَلَيْهِ إلَّا لِعُذْرٍ وَمَرَضٍ أَوْ عُنَّةٍ عَارِضَةٍ أَوْ نَحْوِ ذَلِكَ وَسَيَأْتِي فِي بَابِ الظِّهَارِ أَنَّ عَلَى الْقَاضِي إلْزَامَ الْمُظَاهِرِ بِالتَّكْفِيرِ دَفْعًا لِلضَّرَرِ عَنْهَا بِحَبْسٍ أَوْ ضَرْبٍ إلَى أَنْ يُكَفِّرَ أَوْ يُطَلِّقَ وَهَذَا رُبَّمَا يُؤَيِّدُ الْقَوْلَ الْمَارَّ بِأَنَّهُ تَجِبُ الزِّيَادَةُ عَلَيْهِ فِي الْحُكْمِ فَتَأَمَّلْ

Also see Maulana Abdus Samad Rahmani, faskh wa Tafreeq, p. 108

[7] Khalid Sayfullah Rahmani, Jadeed Fiqhi Masail, Marriage Dissolution due to impotency vol 3, p. 163-172

4^th August 2022

Question: I am enquiring about a friend who was a revert. She got married but after she got married her faith got weak and left Islām. She returned back to Islām a few weeks later and became a Muslim again. She is now wanting to return to her husband in the next month but after returning back to Islām, she started to talk to other men in sexual ways within the three months period which she now regrets. My questions are;

1. What is the status of her marriage? Must her Nikāh be renewed or not?
2. Can she still marry her previous husband even though she was talking to other men after returning back to Islām?
3. Is waiting period necessary upon her and if so, can he marry her within the three-month period or after her waiting period?

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

Answer

In regards to your query, the adopted stance and the general position in the Hanafi tradition is that apostasy instantly dissolves the marriage, which means that no form of conjugal relationship between them is permissible simply because in this case Islām and disbelief cannot co-exist in the same marriage. Apostasy is an act of rebellion that nullifies all deeds and action including marriage except that the jurists have mentioned that she is still entitled to the full mahr if the wife’s apostasy occurred after the marriage was consummated but not before that. As a result of the wife’s apostasy, her marriage to someone else will not be permitted either due to the severity of the crime and therefore must be convinced to return back to Islām and reunite with her former husband. [1] You mentioned that she repented and returned back to Islām, then her Nikāh must be renewed with her former husband with a new mahr regardless of how many times she apostates.[2] Despite that she conversed with other men inappropriately after returning back to Islām, this does not prevent her from returning back to her husband. She must however sincerely repent from her sin and adopt all necessary precautions to safeguard her faith ensuring that this does not happen again.

Despite her apostasy, waiting period is still mandated on her as this affects the legal ruling of providing maintenance and accommodation. Usually where post-divorce grace period is not mandated then expenses and accommodation do not apply (for instance husband divorcing his wife without consummation or valid seclusion). In the case of her apostasy, waiting period would apply if the marriage was consummated that is because she is still entitled to accommodation until her Iddah expires. She will not eligible to financial maintenance however due to her disobedience.[3] If she returned back to Islām during her three menses waiting period, she can renew her Nikāh with her former husband during her waiting period.

[Allãh Knows Best]

Written and researched by (Mufti) Abdul Waheed

Answer Attested by Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

[1] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, vol 4 p. 253

[مَطْلَبٌ الْمَعْصِيَةُ تَبْقَى بَعْدَ الرِّدَّةِ]

(قَوْلُهُ وَلَيْسَ لِلْمُرْتَدَّةِ التَّزَوُّجُ بِغَيْرِ زَوْجِهَا) فِي كَافِي الْحَاكِمِ: وَإِنْ لَحِقَتْ بِدَارِ الْحَرْبِ كَانَ لِزَوْجِهَا أَنْ يَتَزَوَّجَ أُخْتَهَا قَبْلَ أَنْ تَنْقَضِيَ عِدَّتُهَا، فَإِنْ سُبِيَتْ أَوْ عَادَتْ مُسْلِمَةً لَمْ يَضُرَّ ذَلِكَ نِكَاحَ الْأُخْتِ وَكَانَتْ فَيْئًا إنْ سُبِيَتْ وَتُجْبَرُ عَلَى الْإِسْلَامِ، وَإِنْ عَادَتْ مُسْلِمَةً كَانَ لَهَا أَنْ تَتَزَوَّجَ مِنْ سَاعَتِهَا. وَظَاهِرُهُ أَنَّ لَهَا التَّزَوُّجَ بِمَنْ شَاءَتْ،

Fatawa Hindiyyah, Kitāb al-Nikāh, vol 1, p. 339

[الْبَابُ الْعَاشِرُ فِي نِكَاحِ الْكُفَّارِ]

ارْتَدَّ أَحَدُ الزَّوْجَيْنِ عَنْ الْإِسْلَامِ وَقَعَتْ الْفُرْقَةُ بِغَيْرِ طَلَاقٍ فِي الْحَالِ قَبْلَ الدُّخُولِ وَبَعْدَهُ ثُمَّ إنْ كَانَ الزَّوْجُ هُوَ الْمُرْتَدُّ فَلَهَا كُلُّ الْمَهْرِ إنْ دَخَلَ بِهَا وَنِصْفُهُ إنْ لَمْ يَدْخُلْ بِهَا وَإِنْ كَانَتْ هِيَ الْمُرْتَدَّةُ فَلَهَا كُلُّ الْمَهْرِ إنْ دَخَلَ بِهَا وَإِنْ لَمْ يَدْخُلْ بِهَا فَلَا مَهْرَ لَهَا

Kasān, Badā’i Sanāi, Kitāb al-Nikāh, vol 2 p. 337

[فَصْلٌ بَيَانُ مَا يَرْفَعُ حُكْمَ النِّكَاحِ]

وَمِنْهَا رِدَّةُ أَحَدِ الزَّوْجَيْنِ؛ لِأَنَّ الرِّدَّةَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الْمَوْتِ؛ لِأَنَّهَا سَبَبٌ مُفْضٍ إلَيْهِ، وَالْمَيِّتُ لَا يَكُونُ مَحَلًّا لِلنِّكَاحِ، وَلِهَذَا لَمْ يَجُزْ نِكَاحُ الْمُرْتَدِّ لِأَحَدٍ فِي الِابْتِدَاءِ، فَكَذَا فِي حَالِ الْبَقَاءِ؛ وَلِأَنَّهُ لَا عِصْمَةَ مَعَ الرِّدَّةِ، وَمِلْكُ النِّكَاحِ لَا يَبْقَى مَعَ زَوَالِ الْعِصْمَةِ غَيْرَ أَنَّ رِدَّةَ الْمَرْأَةِ تَكُونُ فُرْقَةً بِغَيْرِ طَلَاقٍ بِلَا خِلَافٍ.

It must be noted that soe Hanafi scholars maintain that Her Nikah does not break and remains with her husband. She must however be convinced to return back to Islām. See Mufti Rashid Ahmad Ludhyanwi Ahsanul Fatawa, vol 6, p. 361-4, Fatawa Tatarkhaniyyah, vol 4, p.  268.

[2] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, vol 3 p. 194

[بَابُ نِكَاحِ الْكَافِرِ]

(وَارْتِدَادُ أَحَدِهِمَا) أَيْ الزَّوْجَيْنِ (فَسْخٌ) فَلَا يُنْقِصُ عَدَدًا (عَاجِلٌ)

(قَوْلُهُ فَلَا يُنْقِصُ عَدَدًا) فَلَوْ ارْتَدَّ مِرَارًا وَجَدَّدَ الْإِسْلَامَ فِي كُلِّ مَرَّةٍ وَجَدَّدَ النِّكَاحَ عَلَى قَوْلِ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ تَحِلُّ امْرَأَتُهُ مِنْ غَيْرِ إصَابَةِ زَوْجٍ ثَانٍ بَحْرٌ عَنْ الْخَانِيَّةِ

Ibn Humām, Fathul Qadeer, Kitāb al-Nikāh, vol 3 p. 428

[بَابُ نِكَاحِ أَهْلِ الشِّرْكِ]

(قَوْلُهُ وَإِذَا ارْتَدَّ أَحَدُ الزَّوْجَيْنِ عَنْ الْإِسْلَامِ وَقَعَتْ الْفُرْقَةُ) فِي الْحَالِ (بِغَيْرِ طَلَاقٍ) قَبْلَ الدُّخُولِ أَوْ بَعْدَهُ، وَبِهِ قَالَ مَالِكٌ وَأَحْمَدُ فِي رِوَايَةٍ، وَقَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ وَأَحْمَدُ فِي أُخْرَى قَبْلَ الدُّخُولِ هُوَ كَذَلِكَ، وَأَمَّا بَعْدَهُ فَيُتَوَقَّفُ إلَى انْقِضَاءِ الْعِدَّةِ فَإِنْ جَمَعَهُمَا الْإِسْلَامُ قَبْلَ انْقِضَائِهَا يَسْتَمِرُّ النِّكَاحُ وَإِلَّا تَبَيَّنَ الْفِرَاقُ مِنْ وَقْتِ الرِّدَّةِ. قُلْنَا: هَذِهِ الْفُرْقَةُ لِلتَّنَافِي فَإِنَّ الرِّدَّةَ مُنَافِيَةٌ لِلْعِصْمَةِ مُوجِبَةٌ لِلْعُقُوبَةِ، وَالْمُنَافِي لَا يَحْتَمِلُ التَّرَاخِي، بِخِلَافِ الْإِسْلَامِ فَإِنَّهُ غَيْرُ مُنَافٍ لِلْعِصْمَةِ، هَذَا جَوَابُ ظَاهِرِ الْمَذْهَبِ. وَبَعْضُ مَشَايِخِ بَلْخٍ وَسَمَرْقَنْدَ أَفْتَوْا فِي رِدَّتِهَا بِعَدَمِ الْفُرْقَةِ حَسْمًا لِاحْتِيَالِهَا عَلَى الْخَلَاصِ بِأَكْبَرِ الْكَبَائِرِ، وَعَامَّةُ مَشَايِخِ بُخَارَى أَفْتَوْا بِالْفُرْقَةِ وَجَبْرِهَا عَلَى الْإِسْلَامِ وَعَلَى النِّكَاحِ مَعَ زَوْجِهَا الْأَوَّلِ؛ لِأَنَّ الْحَسْمَ بِذَلِكَ يَحْصُلُ، وَلِكُلِّ قَاضٍ أَنْ يُجَدِّدَ النِّكَاحَ بَيْنَهُمَا بِمَهْرٍ يَسِيرٍ وَلَوْ بِدِينَارٍ رَضِيَتْ أَمْ لَا، وَتُعَزَّرُ خَمْسَةً وَسَبْعِينَ، وَلَا تُسْتَرَقُّ الْمُعْتَدَّةُ مَا دَامَتْ فِي دَارِ الْإِسْلَامِ فِي ظَاهِرِ الرِّوَايَةِ، وَفِي رِوَايَةِ النَّوَادِرِ عَنْ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ تُسْتَرَقُّ، وَهَذَا الْكَلَامُ فِي الْفُرْقَةِ.

[3] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, vol 3 p. 194

(قَوْلُهُ لَوْ ارْتَدَّ) قَيْدٌ فِي قَوْلِهِ وَلِغَيْرِهَا النِّصْفُ إلَخْ (قَوْلُهُ وَعَلَيْهِ نَفَقَةُ الْعِدَّةِ) أَيْ لَوْ مَدْخُولًا بِهَا إذْ غَيْرُهَا لَا عِدَّةَ عَلَيْهَا. وَأَفَادَ وُجُوبَ الْعِدَّةِ سَوَاءٌ ارْتَدَّ أَوْ ارْتَدَّتْ بِالْحَيْضِ أَوْ بِالْأَشْهُرِ لَوْ صَغِيرَةً أَوْ آيِسَةً أَوْ بِوَضْعِ الْحَمْلِ كَمَا فِي الْبَحْرِ

Ibn Nujaym, Bahr Rāiq, vol 3 p. 231

[بَابُ نِكَاحِ الْكَافِرِ]

وَلَمْ يَذْكُرْ الْمُؤَلِّفُ وُجُوبَ الْعِدَّةِ عَلَيْهَا وَلَا شَكَّ فِي وُجُوبِهَا قَالَ فِي جَامِعِ الْفُصُولَيْنِ وَتَعْتَدُّ بِثَلَاثِ حِيَضٍ لَوْ حُرَّةً مِمَّنْ تَحِيضُ وَبِثَلَاثَةِ أَشْهُرٍ لَوْ آيِسَةً أَوْ صَغِيرَةً وَبِوَضْعِ الْحَمْلِ لَوْ حَامِلًا لَوْ دَخَلَ سَوَاءٌ ارْتَدَّ أَوْ ارْتَدَّتْ وَلَا نَفَقَةَ لَهَا فِي الْعِدَّةِ وَلَوْ ارْتَدَّ هُوَ لَا تُجْبَرُ الْمَرْأَةُ عَلَى التَّزَوُّجِ اهـ. وَفِي الْخُلَاصَةِ: إذَا ارْتَدَّتْ لَا نَفَقَةَ لَهَا فِي الْعِدَّةِ وَلَهَا السُّكْنَى وَبِهِ يُفْتَى ذَكَرَهُ فِي أَلْفَاظِ التَّكْفِيرِ،

21st February 2021

Question: My husband does not sexually satisfy me. He fell asleep on me on our wedding night (the very first time I was intimate with someone). I have spoken to him and claims he tries harder and also exercises. He refuses to come near me and claims I shouldn’t be complaining and I should be grateful. He has no regrets for sleeping on me when I have the urge. I have to go to him for intimacy at least once every 3 to 4 months otherwise he isn’t bothered at all. Can I apply for divorce on this basis? Isn’t intimacy my right also and how often should a couple be intimate?

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

Answer

In reference to your case in question, as a point of principle intimacy in marriage is a shared right between the husband and wife. Just as the husband has natural urges then so does his wife. The Hanafi jurists mention that responding to intimacy when desired is wajib, which suggests that neither can the wife refuse intimacy when her husband demands it except during her menses, post-natal bleeding, during Ramadhān fasts and Ihram, and neither can he refuse when she demands it. The husband otherwise becomes sinful for refusing and will be accountable before Allāh Almighty.[1] Intimacy in marriage, as Imam Nawwawi rahimahullah explains, becomes a form of worship and rewarding when done to fulfil his wife’s needs which falls under kind social treatment towards her just as Allāh Almighty commands it. It is also rewarding with the intention of having pious children and protecting oneself from an unlawful relationship and unlawful gaze.[2] Refusing intimacy with her would inevitably lead to her suffering harm for neglecting her fundamental right.[3]

Thus, in your case if what you have stated is true then he becomes sinful for refusing intimacy with you if approaching once in 3 or 4 months is not sufficient. There is no prescribed period as to how often every couple must engage in intimacy as this varies between the natural urges of every couple. What is important is not to refuse without a valid reason and to engage in intimacy enough to protect themselves from unlawful relationship. Imam Ghazali rahimahullah however recommends every couple to be intimate at least once every four nights but this is not obligatory.[4] What I would initially recommend is consider marriage counselling or request a reliable family member to mediate between you both. Despite that, if he still remains reluctant towards you and expresses no interest in being intimate with you except once every three to four months which is not sufficient for your needs being fulfilled then as a last resort you may ask him to divorce you. If he still refuses then you can approach a reliable Shariah Council to dissolve your marriage.[5]

[Allãh Knows Best]

Written and researched by (Mufti) Abdul Waheed

Answer Attested by Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

[1] Kasān, Badā’i Sanāi, Kitāb al-Nikah, vol 2 p. 331

فَصْلٌ بَيَانُ حُكْمِ النِّكَاحِ

وَهَذَا الْحُكْمُ وَهُوَ حِلُّ الِاسْتِمْتَاعِ مُشْتَرَكٌ بَيْنَ الزَّوْجَيْنِ، فَإِنَّ الْمَرْأَةَ كَمَا تَحِلُّ لِزَوْجِهَا، فَزَوْجُهَا يَحِلُّ لَهَا قَالَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: {لا هُنَّ حِلٌّ لَهُمْ وَلا هُمْ يَحِلُّونَ لَهُنَّ} [الممتحنة: 10] ، وَلِلزَّوْجِ أَنْ يُطَالِبَهَا بِالْوَطْءِ مَتَى شَاءَ إلَّا عِنْدَ اعْتِرَاضِ أَسْبَابٍ مَانِعَةٍ مِنْ الْوَطْءِ كَالْحَيْضِ وَالنِّفَاسِ وَالظِّهَارِ وَالْإِحْرَامِ وَغَيْرِ ذَلِكَ، وَلِلزَّوْجَةِ أَنْ تُطَالِبَ زَوْجَهَا بِالْوَطْءِ؛ لِأَنَّ حِلَّهُ لَهَا حَقُّهَا كَمَا أَنَّ حِلَّهَا لَهُ حَقُّهُ، وَإِذَا طَالَبَتْهُ يَجِبُ عَلَى الزَّوْجِ، وَيُجْبَرُ عَلَيْهِ فِي الْحُكْمِ مَرَّةً وَاحِدَةً وَالزِّيَادَةُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ تَجِبُ فِيمَا بَيْنَهُ، وَبَيْنَ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى مِنْ بَابِ حُسْنِ الْمُعَاشَرَةِ وَاسْتِدَامَةِ النِّكَاحِ، فَلَا يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ فِي الْحُكْمِ عِنْدَ بَعْضِ أَصْحَابِنَا، وَعِنْدَ بَعْضِهِمْ يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ فِي الْحُكْمِ.

Mowsu’atul Fiqhiyyah Kuwaitiyyah, vol 44, p. 13

وَلِلزَّوْجِ أَنْ يُطَالِبَهَا بِالْوَطْءِ مَتَى شَاءَ إِلاَّ عِنْدَ اعْتِرَاضِ أَسْبَابٍ مَانِعَةٍ مِنَ الْوَطْءِ كَالْحَيْضِ وَالنِّفَاسِ وَالظِّهَارِ وَالإِحْرَامِ وَغَيْرِ ذَلِكَ. وَلِلزَّوْجَةِ أَنْ تُطَالِبَ زَوْجَهَا بِالْوَطْءِ، لأَنَّ حِلَّهُ لَهَا حَقُّهَا، كَمَا أَنَّ حِلَّهَا لَهُ حَقُّهُ

Mowsu’atul Fiqhiyyah Kuwaitiyyah, vol 44, p. 36

لِلْحَنَفِيَّةِ وَقَوْلٌ لِبَعْضِ الشَّافِعِيَّةِ، وَهُوَ أَنَّ لِلزَّوْجَةِ مُطَالَبَةَ زَوْجِهَا بِالْوَطْءِ، لأَِنَّ حِلَّهُ لَهَا حَقُّهَا، كَمَا أَنَّ حِلَّهَا لَهُ حَقُّهُ. وَإِذَا طَالَبَتْهُ بِهِ فَإِنَّهُ يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ وَيُجْبَرُ عَلَيْهِ فِي الْحُكْمِ مَرَّةً وَاحِدَةً، وَالزِّيَادَةُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ تَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ دِيَانَةً فِيمَا بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى مِنْ بَابِ حُسْنِ الْمُعَاشَرَةِ وَاسْتِدَامَةِ النِّكَاحِ، وَلاَ تَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ فِي الْحُكْمِ عِنْدَ بَعْضِ الْحَنَفِيَّةِ، وَعِنْدَ بَعْضِهِمْ يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ فِي الْحُكْمِ، وَقَالُوا: يَأْثَمُ الزَّوْجُ إِذَا تَرَكَ مَا يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ دِيَانَةً مُتَعَنِّتًا مَعَ الْقُدْرَةِ عَلَى الْوَطْءِ.

[2] Nawwawi, Sharhul Muslim, vol 7, p. 92

باب بَيَانِ أَنَّ اسْمَ الصَّدَقَةِ يَقَعُ عَلَى كُلِّ نَوْعٍ مِنْ الْمَعْرُوفِ

 وَفِي هَذَا دَلِيلٌ عَلَى إِنَّ الْمُبَاحَاتِ تَصِيرُ طَاعَاتٍ بِالنِّيَّاتِ الصَّادِقَاتِ، فَالْجِمَاعُ يَكُونُ عِبَادَةً إِذَا نَوَى بِهِ قَضَاءَ حَقِّ الزَّوْجَةِ وَمُعَاشَرَتَهَا بِالْمَعْرُوفِ الَّذِي أَمَرَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى بِهِ، أَوْ طَلَبَ وَلَدٍ صَالِحٍ، أَوْ إِعْفَافَ نَفْسِهِ أَوْ إِعْفَافَ الزَّوْجَةِ، وَمَنْعَهُمَا جَمِيعًا مِنَ النَّظَرِ إِلَى حَرَامٍ أَوِ الْفِكْرِ فِيهِ أَوِ الْهَمِّ بِهِ أَوْ غَيْرِ ذَلِكَ مِنَ الْمَقَاصِدِ الصَّالِحَةِ

[3] Kasān, Badā’i Sanāi, Kitāb al-Nikah, vol 2 p. 334

فَصْلٌ وِلَايَةُ التَّأْدِيبِ لِلزَّوْجِ إذَا لَمْ تُطِعْهُ

قِيلَ يُخَوِّفُهَا بِالْهَجْرِ أَوَّلًا وَالِاعْتِزَالِ عَنْهَا، وَتَرْكِ الْجِمَاعِ وَالْمُضَاجَعَةِ، فَإِنْ تَرَكَتْ وَإِلَّا هَجَرَهَا لَعَلَّ نَفْسَهَا لَا تَحْتَمِلُ الْهَجْرَ، ثُمَّ اُخْتُلِفَ فِي كَيْفِيَّةِ الْهَجْرِ قِيلَ يَهْجُرُهَا بِأَنْ لَا يُجَامِعَهَا، وَلَا يُضَاجِعَهَا عَلَى فِرَاشِهِ، وَقِيلَ يَهْجُرُهَا بِأَنْ لَا يُكَلِّمَهَا فِي حَالِ مُضَاجَعَتِهِ إيَّاهَا لَا أَنْ يَتْرُكَ جِمَاعَهَا وَمُضَاجَعَتَهَا؛ لِأَنَّ ذَلِكَ حَقٌّ مُشْتَرَكٌ بَيْنَهُمَا، فَيَكُونُ فِي ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ الضَّرَرِ مَا عَلَيْهَا، فَلَا يُؤَدِّبَهَا بِمَا يَضُرُّ بِنَفْسِهِ، وَيُبْطِلُ حَقَّهُ،

[4] Al-Ghazali, Ihya Ulum al-Deen, Kitab Adab Nikah, vol 2, p. 50

وَيَنْبَغِي أَنْ يَأْتِيَهَا فِي كُل أَرْبَعِ لَيَالٍ مَرَّةً، فَهُوَ أَعْدَلُهُ، إِذْ عَدَدُ النِّسَاءِ أَرْبَعَةٌ، فَجَازَ التَّأْخِيرُ إِلَى هَذَا الْحَدِّ. نَعَمْ، يَنْبَغِي أَنْ يَزِيدَ أَوْ يَنْقُصَ بِحَسَبِ حَاجَتِهَا فِي التَّحْصِينِ، فَإِنَّ تَحْصِينَهَا وَاجِبٌ عَلَيْهِ، وَإِنْ كَانَ لاَ يَثْبُتُ الْمُطَالَبَةُ بِالْوَطْءِ، وَذَلِكَ لِعُسْرِ الْمُطَالَبَةِ وَالْوَفَاءِ.

[5] Majmu’atul Qawaneen Islami, Muslim Personal Law, Husband neglecting his Marital Obligations, Article 327,  p. 242,

This is also the view of Shaykhul Islām ibn Taymiyyah rahimahullah, Mowsu’atul Fiqhiyyah Kuwaitiyyah, vol 44, p. 38

ثُمَّ قَال ابْنُ تَيْمِيَّةَ: وَحُصُول الضَّرَرِ لِلزَّوْجَةِ بِتَرْكِ الْوَطْءِ مُقْتَضٍ لِلْفَسْخِ بِكُل حَالٍ، سَوَاءٌ كَانَ بِقَصْدٍ مِنَ الزَّوْجِ أَوْ بِغَيْرِ قَصْدٍ، وَلَوْ مَعَ قُدْرَتِهِ وَعَجْزِهِ، كَالنَّفَقَةِ وَأَوْلَى لِلْفَسْخِ بِتَعَذُّرِهِ فِي الإِيلاَءِ إِجْمَاعًا

7th October 2021

Question: The man said the following to his wife in a heated argument. Here is his full statement. “Gosh I still tried to make this so-called relationship work because of nikaah I was so stupid I should have left u when I found out about your bad habits. Your mother who is a divorcee knows about her life but she still chose a divorce for u as well – where is the shame in that. You don’t know the value of nikah or the importance of it. A woman like you who ruined her marriage without the blink of eye. U don’t know what marriage is? What nikah is? Now you have ruined your marriage after using me you have started a relationship with someone else. How can you value nikah? I am well rid of u now, good riddance to bad rubbish and that’s the end of it. Don’t ever contact me again.” What type of Talaq has taken place?

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

Answer

In reference to your query by uttering such words constitute one irrevocable divorce. From the above statement, there is no clear mention of the word divorce. However, looking at the context of the full conversation we can deduce that statements such as “I am well rid of u now…that’s the end of it”[1] and “Now you have ruined your marriage after using me” within such a context are ambiguously[2] referring to divorce[3], hence an irrevocable divorce would imply from the use of these sentences even if he later on denies it. [4]

[Allāh Knows Best]

Written by:  Mufti Anas Mullah        Reviewed by: Mufti Abdul Waheed

Attested by: Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam  

JKN Fatawa Department

[1]Ibn Ābideen, Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitābul Talaaq, Bāb Alkinayaat, vol 3 p. 298

 وَأَمَّا حَالَةُ الْمُذَاكَرَةِ فَتُصَدَّقُ مَعَ كُلٍّ مِنْهُمَا بَلْ لَا يُتَصَوَّرُ سُؤَالُهَا الطَّلَاقَ إلَّا فِي إحْدَى الْحَالَتَيْنِ لِأَنَّهُمَا ضِدَّانِ لَا وَاسِطَةَ بَيْنَهُمَا…(قَوْلُهُ انْتَقِلِي) مِثْلُ اُخْرُجِي وَقَدْ تَقَدَّمَ

[2] Fatawa Hindiyyah, Kitāb al-Talaaq, Bāb fi Eeqaa’ al talaaq, Fasl fil Kinaayat  vol 1, p. 375

وَالْأَحْوَالُ ثَلَاثَةٌ (حَالَةُ) الرِّضَا (وَحَالَةُ) مُذَاكَرَةِ الطَّلَاقِ بِأَنْ تَسْأَلَ هِيَ طَلَاقَهَا أَوْ غَيْرُهَا يَسْأَلُ طَلَاقَهَا (وَحَالَةُ) الْغَضَبِ فَفِي حَالَةِ الرِّضَا لَا يَقَعُ الطَّلَاقُ فِي الْأَلْفَاظِ كُلِّهَا إلَّا بِالنِّيَّةِ وَالْقَوْلُ قَوْلُ الزَّوْجِ فِي تَرْكِ النِّيَّةِ مَعَ الْيَمِينِ وَفِي حَالَةِ مُذَاكَرَةِ الطَّلَاقِ يَقَعُ الطَّلَاقُ فِي سَائِرِ الْأَقْسَامِ قَضَاءً إلَّا فِيمَا يَصْلُحُ جَوَابًا وَرَدَّا فَإِنَّهُ لَا يُجْعَلُ طَلَاقًا كَذَا فِي الْكَافِي

[3]  Fatawa Hindiyyah, Kitāb al-Talaaq, Bāb fi Eeqaa’ al talaaq, Fasl fil Kinaayat  vol 1, p. 375

وَلَوْ قَالَ فِي حَالِ مُذَاكَرَةِ الطَّلَاقِ بَايَنْتُك أَوْ أَبَنْتُك أَوْ أَبَنْت مِنْك أَوْ لَا سُلْطَانَ لِي عَلَيْك أَوْ سَرَّحْتُك أَوْ وَهَبْتُك لِنَفْسِك أَوْ خَلَّيْت سَبِيلَك أَوْ أَنْتِ سَائِبَةٌ أَوْ أَنْتِ حُرَّةٌ أَوْ أَنْتِ أَعْلَمُ بِشَأْنِك. فَقَالَتْ: اخْتَرْت نَفْسِي. يَقَعُ الطَّلَاقُ وَإِنْ قَالَ لَمْ أَنْوِ الطَّلَاقَ لَا يُصَدَّقُ قَضَاءً

[4] Usool al-shashi,Fasl fi Al Sareeh wal Kinaayah, pg 68

وَالْكِنَايَة هِيَ مَا استتر مَعْنَاهُ وَحكم الْكِنَايَة ثُبُوت الحكم بهَا عِنْد وجود النِّيَّة أَو بِدلَالَة الْحَال إِذْ لَا بُد لَهُ من دَلِيل يَزُول بِهِ التَّرَدُّد