Author: jknfatawa1

Menstruating Woman Crossing out of the Boundary After Ihram

jknfatawa1 Hajj & Umrah

16th May 2023

 

 

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته

Question: My wife is travelling with me for Umrah. We are staying in Makkah for 3 days, then Madinah for 7 days and then return back to Makkah for 6 days. Most likely my wife will be on her periods starting 2 days before arriving at Makkah (in UK) and then her periods will end when we are in Madinah. My question is, must she be in Ihram even though her cycle will start in the UK 2 days before departing or does she get into Ihram when her period ends when we are in Madinah (after we travel from Makkah to Madinah)? If she must enter into Ihram during her cycle in the UK and when she is in Madinah and periods finish, does she have to get back same day to Makkah to perform her Umrah or can she do Umrah as per the original schedule when we come back after 7 days, and during these days must she follow the Ihram rules?

 

 

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

 

Answer: In reference to the aforementioned case scenario, as a general rule anyone who passes the meeqat (boundary) to enter Makkah Mukarramah with the intention of Umrah or Hajj must be in the state of Ihram. Entering Makkah Mukarramah without being in the state of Ihram will necessitate a Dam which is a prescribed penalty of sacrificing a goat or sheep within the Haram vicinity. This rule applies to a menstruating woman also as in she cannot cross the boundary without Ihram and hence must make the intention of Ihram and recite the talbiyah beforehand.  Since she cannot perform her umrah, she must remain in the state of ihram adhering to the rules of Ihram until she becomes clean.  Crossing out of the boundaries however, after entering  into Ihram does not violate the Ihram rules. [1]

Regarding the situation with your wife, she will enter into Ihram in the UK or just before passing the meeqat and remain in the state of Ihram whilst in Makkah Mukarramah for 3 days and in Madinah Munawwarah too. Once she becomes clean in Madinah Munawwarah then she can perform her Umrah according to the schedule as performing it immediately is not compulsory though better to do so. Either way, she must still follow the rules of Ihram until she completes her Umrah.

 

 

[Allāh Knows Best]

 

 

Written by:  Apa Sajeda          Reviewed by: Mufti Abdul Waheed

Attested by: Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam      

JKN Fatawa Department

 

 

[1] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb , vol 3 p. 551

 

 ( وحرم تأخير الإحرام عنها ) كلها ( لمن ) أي لآفاقي ( قصد دخول مكة ) يعني الحرم ( ولو لحاجة ) غير الحج

قوله وحرم إلخ ) فعليه العود إلى ميقات منها وإن لم يكن ميقاته ليحرم منه ، وإلا فعليه دم كما سيأتي بيانه في الجنايات (

Bada’ia al Sanai’a, Vol 2, Pg 164

وكذلك لو أراد بمجاوزة هذه المواقيت دخول مكة لا يجوز له أن يجاوزها إلا محرما، سواء أراد بدخول مكة النسك من الحج أو العمرة أو التجارة أو حاجة أخرى عندنا

 

Fatawa Mahmoodiya, Kitabul Hajj,  Vol 10, Pg 381-385

 میقات سے بلا احرام گزرنا

کے بعد میقات سے خارج ہونا ۔   جواب ۔ ۔۔ ممنوعات احرام سے بچتا رہے۔۔۔میقات سے خارج ہونا احرام سے منافی نہیں ہے۔

 

Is an Illegitimate Child a Mahram to His Grandmother and Aunt?

jknfatawa1 Marriage

1st May 2023

 

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته

Question: A man has an illegitimate male child. Can this child come in front of his biological aunt and paternal grandmother without hijab being observed when he gets older and also serve as their Mahram?

 

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

 

Answer

In reference to your query on whether this illegitimate child is a mahram or not to them has two separate legal rulings.  First concerning the paternal grandmother (father’s mother) and secondly the aunt. The illegitimate male child becomes a mahram to the fornicator’s mother because the child is now biologically connected to the grandmother through his illegitimate father (even if nasab is not established). The laws of musaharat is also established through illegitimate relation whereby the fornicator’s ascendants and descendants become unlawful for the child to marry i.e. mahram.[1]

As for the aunt, illegitimate father’s sister, the child does not become her mahram due to the child’s lineage not being attributed to the father.[2] In other words, when a man fornicates with a woman and an illegitimate child is born, this child’s lineage is attributed to the mother and not to the father because the Shariah does not recognise lineage outside of wedlock.  As of which this child’s biological connection is cut off from his illegitimate father’s siblings as well as from his legitimate children and moreover, he cannot inherit from this illegitimate father’s estate. This is different in the case of ascendants and descendants because direct connection is established. Henceforth, this child has no mahram relationship with his aunt and she must observe Hijab in front him after he attains bulugh.[3]

 

 

[Allāh Knows Best]

 

 

Written by:  Muftiya Gul-e-Maryam         Reviewed by: Mufti Abdul Waheed

Attested by: Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

 

 

 

[1] Ikhtiyaar Li Ta’leel Mukhtar, Vol 3, Pg 88

 وَالزِّنَا يُوجِبُ حُرْمَةَ الْمُصَاهَرَةِ) ، فَمَنْ زَنَى بِامْرَأَةٍ أَوْ وَطِئَهَا بِشُبْهَةٍ حَرُمَتْ عَلَيْهِ أُصُولُهَا وَفُرُوعُهَا، وَتَحْرُمُ الْمَوْطُوءَةُ عَلَى أُصُولِ الْوَاطِئِ وَفُرُوعِهِ. (وَكَذَا الْمَسُّ بِشَهْوَةٍ مِنَ الْجَانِبَيْنِ وَالنَّظَرُ إِلَى الْفَرْجِ مِنَ الْجَانِبَيْنِ أَيْضًا) ، وَالْمُعْتَبَرُ النَّظَرُ إِلَى فَرْجِهَا الْبَاطِنِ دُونَ الظَّاهِرِ. رُوِيَ ذَلِكَ عَنْ أَبِي يُوسُفَ، وَهُوَ الصَّحِيحُ.

 

 

Raddul Mukhtar, Vol 3, Pg 32

قَوْلُهُ: وَحَرُمَ أَيْضًا بِالصِّهْرِيَّةِ أَصْلُ مَزْنِيَّتِهِ) قَالَ فِي الْبَحْرِ: أَرَادَ بِحُرْمَةِ الْمُصَاهَرَةِ الْحُرُمَاتِ الْأَرْبَعَ حُرْمَةَ الْمَرْأَةِ عَلَى أُصُولِ الزَّانِي وَفُرُوعِهِ نَسَبًا وَرَضَاعًا وَحُرْمَةَ أُصُولِهَا وَفُرُوعِهَا عَلَى الزَّانِي نَسَبًا وَرَضَاعًا كَمَا فِي الْوَطْءِ الْحَلَالِ وَيَحِلُّ لِأُصُولِ الزَّانِي وَفُرُوعِهِ أُصُولُ الْمُزَنِيّ بِهَا وَفُرُوعُهَا.

 

[2] Raddul Mukhtar, Vol 3, Pg 29

فِي كِتَابِ الرَّضَاعِ مِنْ أَنَّ الْبِنْتَ مِنْ الزِّنَى لَا تَحْرُمُ عَلَى عَمِّ الزَّانِي وَخَالِهِ لِأَنَّهُ لَمْ يَثْبُتْ نَسَبُهَا مِنْ الزَّانِي حَتَّى يَظْهَرَ فِيهَا حُكْمُ الرِّقَابَةِ، وَأَمَّا التَّحْرِيمُ عَلَى آبَاءِ الزَّانِي وَأَوْلَادِهِ فَلِاعْتِبَارِ الْجُزْئِيَّةِ وَلَا جُزْئِيَّةَ بَيْنَهَا وَبَيْنَ الْعَمِّ وَالْخَالِ.

 

Raddul Mukhtar, Vol 3, Pg 31

وَمُقْتَضَى تَقْيِيدِهِ بِالْفَرْعِ وَالْأَصْلِ أَنَّهُ لَا خِلَافَ فِي عَدَمِ الْحُرْمَةِ عَلَى غَيْرِهِمَا مِنْ الْحَوَاشِي كَالْأَخِ وَالْعَمِّ. وَفِي التَّنْجِيسِ زَنَى بِامْرَأَةٍ فَوَلَدَتْ فَأَرْضَعَتْ بِهَذَا اللَّبَنِ صَبِيَّةً لَا يَجُوزُ لِهَذَا الزَّانِي تَزَوُّجُهَا وَلَا لِأُصُولِهِ وَفُرُوعِهِ، وَالْعَمِّ الزَّانِي التَّزَوُّجُ بِهَا كَمَا لَوْ كَانَتْ وَلَدَتْ لَهُ مِنْ الزِّنَى، وَالْخَالُ مِثْلُهُ؛ لِأَنَّهُ لَمْ يَثْبُتْ نَسَبُهَا مِنْ الزَّانِي، حَتَّى يَظْهَرَ فِيهَا حُكْمُ الْقَرَابَةِ وَالتَّحْرِيمُ عَلَى أَبِي الزَّانِي وَأَوْلَادِهِ وَأَوْلَادِهِمْ لِاعْتِبَارِ الْجُزْئِيَّةِ وَلَا جُزْئِيَّةَ بَيْنَهَا وَبَيْنَ الْعَمِّ، وَإِذَا ثَبَتَ ذَلِكَ فِي الْمُتَوَلِّدَةِ مِنْ الزِّنَى فَكَذَا فِي الْمُرْضَعَةِ بِلَبَنِ الزِّنَى. اهـ. قُلْت: وَهَذَا مُخَالِفٌ لِمَا مَرَّ مِنْ التَّعْمِيمِ فِي قَوْلِ الشَّارِحِ: وَلَوْ مِنْ زِنًى كَمَا نَبَّهْنَا عَلَيْهِ هُنَاكَ.

 

[3] For more details see Ahsanul Fatawa vol 5, p. 78, Fatawa Faridiyyah, vol 4, p. 464 and Fatawa Qasimiyyah, vol 13, p. 237

 

 

 

How Much Impurity on Clothes Renders the Salāh Void?

jknfatawa1 Purity ,

1st May 2023

 

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته

Question:  If someone had impurity on their clothes and didn’t know or forgot and they prayed Salāh, and another Salāh with that same wudhu, do they need to repeat those Salāhs again?

 

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

 

Answer

Concerning your query, first understand that there are two types of najasah (impurities); ghaleezah and khafeefah. Ghaleezah is the major or heavy type of impurity which includes alcohol as well as bodily fluids, urine, stool, blood etc whether human or animals.  If the impurity of this type on the clothes covers an area that is equal or larger than the size of a dirham (about the size of a 50p coin), then the Salāh becomes void and must be repeated and if less than that then won’t need to be repeated.[1] This is regardless if the person was unaware of the impurity or not at the time of praying.  Impurity on the clothes however does not affect the wudhu.

If the najasah on the clothes is of the khafeefah which is minor or lighter type of impurity then the Salāh is valid so long as the impurity does not exceed ¼ of the limb of the affected area and if it exceeds this size then the Salāh becomes void. Examples of Khafeefah include the urine of halal animals and the droppings of non-halal birds.[2]

 

 

[Allāh Knows Best]

 

 

Written by:  Maulana Hafiz Mahmud Ali        Reviewed by: Mufti Abdul Waheed

Attested by: Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

 

 

[1] Fatawa Hindiyyah, Kitāb al-Najasat, vol 1, p. 45-46

[الْفَصْلُ الثَّانِي فِي الْأَعْيَانِ النَّجِسَةِ]

الْمُغَلَّظَةُ وَعُفِيَ مِنْهَا قَدْرُ الدِّرْهَمِ وَاخْتَلَفَتْ الرِّوَايَاتُ فِيهِ وَالصَّحِيحُ أَنْ يُعْتَبَرَ بِالْوَزْنِ فِي النَّجَاسَةِ الْمُتَجَسِّدَةِ وَهُوَ أَنْ يَكُونَ وَزْنُهُ قَدْرَ الدِّرْهَمِ الْكَبِيرِ الْمِثْقَالِ وَبِالْمِسَاحَةِ فِي غَيْرِهَا وَهُوَ قَدْرُ عَرْضِ الْكَفِّ

كُلُّ مَا يَخْرُجُ مِنْ بَدَنِ الْإِنْسَانِ مِمَّا يُوجِبُ خُرُوجُهُ الْوُضُوءَ أَوْ الْغُسْلَ فَهُوَ مُغَلَّظٌ كَالْغَائِطِ وَالْبَوْلِ وَالْمَنِيِّ وَالْمَذْيِ وَالْوَدْيِ وَالْقَيْحِ وَالصَّدِيدِ وَالْقَيْءِ إذَا مَلَأَ الْفَمَ. كَذَا فِي الْبَحْرِ الرَّائِقِ. وَكَذَا دَمُ الْحَيْضِ وَالنِّفَاسِ وَالِاسْتِحَاضَةِ هَكَذَا فِي السِّرَاجِ الْوَهَّاجِ وَكَذَلِكَ بَوْلُ الصَّغِيرِ وَالصَّغِيرَةِ أَكَلَا أَوْ لَا. كَذَا فِي الِاخْتِيَارِ شَرْحِ الْمُخْتَارِ وَكَذَلِكَ الْخَمْرُ وَالدَّمُ الْمَسْفُوحُ وَلَحْمُ الْمَيْتَةِ وَبَوْلُ مَا لَا يُؤْكَلُ وَالرَّوْثُ وَأَخْثَاءُ الْبَقَرِ وَالْعَذِرَةِ وَنَجْوُ الْكَلْبِ وَخُرْءُ الدَّجَاجِ وَالْبَطِّ وَالْإِوَزِّ نَجِسٌ نَجَاسَةً غَلِيظَةً هَكَذَا فِي فَتَاوَى قَاضِي خَانْ وَكَذَا خُرْءُ السِّبَاعِ وَالسِّنَّوْرِ وَالْفَأْرَةِ.

 

Ibn Abideen Al-Shami. Radd Al-muhtar fi Durr Al-Mukhtar, Baab Al-Anjaas. Vol 1, p.324.

قَوْلُهُ: جَوْهَرَةٌ) وَمِثْلُهُ فِي الْقُهُسْتَانِيِّ وَقَدَّمْنَاهُ عَنْ الْفَيْضِ أَيْضًا خِلَافًا لِمَا مَشَى عَلَيْهِ الْمُصَنِّفُ تَبَعًا لِلدُّرَرِ فِي فَصْلِ الْبِئْرِ فَافْهَمْ. نَعَمْ يُؤَيِّدُهُ مَا نَقَلَهُ الْقُهُسْتَانِيُّ آنِفًا عَنْ التُّمُرْتَاشِيِّ – وَاَللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ -. (قَوْلُهُ: لَوْ اتَّصَلَ وَانْبَسَطَ) أَيْ: مَا يُصِيبُ الثَّوْبَ مِثْلُ رُءُوسِ الْإِبَرِ كَمَا هُوَ عِبَارَةُ الْقُنْيَةِ وَنَقَلَهَا فِي الْبَحْرِ فَافْهَمْ. (قَوْلُهُ: يَنْبَغِي أَنْ يَكُونَ كَالدُّهْنِ إلَخْ) أَيْ: فَيَكُونُ مَانِعًا لِلصَّلَاةِ. وَوَجْهُ إلْحَاقِهِ بِالدُّهْنِ أَنَّ كُلًّا مِنْهُمَا كَانَ أَوَّلًا غَيْرَ مَانِعٍ ثُمَّ مَنَعَ بَعْدَ زِيَادَتِهِ عَلَى الدِّرْهَمِ، لَكِنْ قَدْ يُفَرَّقُ بَيْنَهُمَا بِأَنَّ الْبَوْلَ الَّذِي كَرُءُوسِ الْإِبَرِ اُعْتُبِرَ كَالْعَدَمِ لِلضَّرُورَةِ وَلَمْ يَعْتَبِرُوا فِيهِ قَدْرَ الدِّرْهَمِ بِدَلِيلِ مَا فِي الْبَحْرِ أَنَّهُ مَعْفُوٌّ عَنْهُ لِلضَّرُورَةِ وَإِنْ امْتَلَأَ الثَّوْبُ. اهـ. وَمَعْلُومٌ أَنَّ مَا يَمْلَأُ الثَّوْبَ يَزِيدُ عَلَى الدِّرْهَمِ، وَكَذَا قَوْلُ الشَّارِحِ وَإِنْ كَثُرَ بِإِصَابَةِ الْمَاءِ، فَإِنَّهُ لَا فَرْقَ بَيْنَ كَثْرَتِهِ بِالْمَاءِ وَبَيْنَ اتِّصَالِ بَعْضِهِ بِبَعْضٍ. وَنَظِيرُهُ مَا لَيْسَ فِيهِ قُوَّةُ السَّيَلَانِ مِنْ الْخَارِجِ مِنْ الْجَسَدِ فَإِنَّهُ سَاقِطُ الِاعْتِبَارِ وَإِنْ كَثُرَ وَعَمَّ الثَّوْبَ.

 

Fatawa Hindiyyah, Kitāb al-Tahara, Bāb al-thaalith, vol 1, p. 58

النَّجَاسَةُ إنْ كَانَتْ غَلِيظَةً وَهِيَ أَكْثَرُ مِنْ قَدْرِ الدِّرْهَمِ فَغَسْلُهَا فَرِيضَةٌ وَالصَّلَاةُ بِهَا بَاطِلَةٌ وَإِنْ كَانَتْ مِقْدَارَ دِرْهَمٍ فَغَسْلُهَا وَاجِبٌ وَالصَّلَاةُ مَعَهَا جَائِزَةٌ وَإِنْ كَانَتْ أَقَلَّ مِنْ الدِّرْهَمِ فَغَسْلُهَا سُنَّةٌ وَإِنْ كَانَتْ خَفِيفَةً فَإِنَّهَا لَا تَمْنَعُ جَوَازَ الصَّلَاةِ حَتَّى تَفْحُشَ. كَذَا فِي الْمُضْمَرَاتِ.

 

[2] Fatawa Hindiyyah, Kitāb al-Tahara, Bāb al-thaani fi A-yaanin najaasah, vol 1, p. 46

(وَالثَّانِي الْمُخَفَّفَةُ) وَعُفِيَ مِنْهَا مَا دُونَ رُبْعِ الثَّوْبِ. كَذَا فِي أَكْثَرِ الْمُتُونِ اخْتَلَفُوا فِي كَيْفِيَّةِ اعْتِبَارِ الرُّبْعِ قِيلَ الْمُعْتَبَرُ رُبْعُ طَرَفٍ أَصَابَتْهُ النَّجَاسَةُ كَالذَّيْلِ وَالْكُمِّ وَالدِّخْرِيصِ إنْ كَانَ الْمُصَابُ ثَوْبًا وَرُبْعُ الْعُضْوِ الْمُصَابِ كَالْيَدِ وَالرِّجْلِ إنْ كَانَ بَدَنًا وَصَحَّحَهُ صَاحِبُ التُّحْفَةِ وَالْمُحِيطِ وَالْبَدَائِعِ وَالْمُجْتَبَى وَالسِّرَاجِ الْوَهَّاجِ. وَفِي الْحَقَائِقِ وَعَلَيْهِ الْفَتْوَى. كَذَا فِي الْبَحْرِ الرَّائِقِ وَبَوْلُ مَا يُؤْكَلُ لَحْمُهُ وَالْفَرَسُ وَخُرْءُ طَيْرٍ لَا يُؤْكَلُ مُخَفَّفٌ هَكَذَا فِي الْكَنْزِ.

 

Is Fasting Obligatory on Someone Born Disabled?

jknfatawa1 Fasting

                   20th April 2023

 

Question: If a person is born disabled/insane then is fasting necessary upon them? Will Fidyah be wajib upon them?

 

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

 

Answer: A person who is born mentally disabled with a dysfunctional brain not being able to distinguish between right and wrong, not able to communicate like normal people nor able to fully comprehend their surrounding falls under the category of junon – insanity – and are thus exempted from the obligation of fasting altogether. For such people, fidya will not be required from them also.[1]

 

 

 [Allãh Knows Best]

 

Written and researched by (Mufti) Abdul Waheed

Answer Attested by Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

 

 

 

 

[1] Ibn Nujaym, Bahr Rāiq, Kitāb Sawm, vol 2, p. 277

وَفِي الْبَدَائِعِ وَأَمَّا الْعَقْلُ فَهَلْ هُوَ مِنْ شَرَائِطِ الْوُجُوبِ وَكَذَا الْإِفَاقَةُ وَالْيَقَظَةُ قَالَ عَامَّةُ مَشَايِخِنَا: لَيْسَتْ مِنْ شَرَائِطِ الْوُجُوبِ بَلْ مِنْ شَرَائِطِ وُجُوبِ الْأَدَاءِ مُسْتَدِلِّينَ بِوُجُوبِ الْقَضَاءِ عَلَى الْمُغْمَى عَلَيْهِ وَالنَّائِمِ بَعْدَ الْإِفَاقَةِ وَالِانْتِبَاهِ بَعْدَ مُضِيِّ بَعْضِ الشَّهْرِ أَوْ كُلِّهِ وَكَذَا الْمَجْنُونُ إذَا أَفَاقَ فِي بَعْضِ الشَّهْرِ

Mawsoo’atul Fiqhiyyah Kuwaitiyyah vol 16, p. 99

الْجُنُونُ فِي اللُّغَةِ: مَصْدَرُ جُنَّ الرَّجُل بِالْبِنَاءِ لِلْمَجْهُول، فَهُوَ مَجْنُونٌ: أَيْ زَال عَقْلُهُ أَوْ فَسَدَ، أَوْ دَخَلَتْهُ الْجِنُّ، وَجَنَّ الشَّيْءَ عَلَيْهِ: سَتَرَهُ. وَأَمَّا فِي الاِصْطِلاَحِ فَقَدْ عَرَّفَهُ الْفُقَهَاءُ وَالأُْصُولِيُّونَ بِعِبَارَاتٍ مُخْتَلِفَةٍ مِنْهَا: أَنَّهُ اخْتِلاَل الْعَقْل بِحَيْثُ يَمْنَعُ جَرَيَانَ الأَْفْعَال وَالأَْقْوَال عَلَى نَهْجِهِ إِلاَّ نَادِرًا.

وَقِيل: الْجُنُونُ اخْتِلاَل الْقُوَّةِ الْمُمَيِّزَةِ بَيْنَ الأْشْيَاءِ الْحَسَنَةِ وَالْقَبِيحَةِ الْمُدْرِكَةِ لِلْعَوَاقِبِ بِأَنْ لاَ تَظْهَرَ آثَارُهَا، وَأَنْ تَتَعَطَّل أَفْعَالُهَا.

وَعَرَّفَهُ صَاحِبُ الْبَحْرِ الرَّائِقِ بِأَنَّهُ: اخْتِلاَل الْقُوَّةِ الَّتِي بِهَا إِدْرَاكُ الْكُلِّيَّاتِ.

 

Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb Talāq vol 3, p. 241

 (وَالْمَجْنُونُ) إلَّا إذَا عَلَّقَ عَاقِلًا ثُمَّ جُنَّ فَوُجِدَ الشَّرْطُ

(قَوْلُهُ وَالْمَجْنُونُ) قَالَ فِي التَّلْوِيحِ: الْجُنُونُ اخْتِلَالُ الْقُوَّةِ الْمُمَيِّزَةِ بَيْنَ الْأُمُورِ الْحَسَنَةِ وَالْقَبِيحَةِ الْمُدْرِكَةِ لِلْعَوَاقِبِ، بِأَنْ لَا تَظْهَرَ آثَارُهُ وَتَتَعَطَّلُ أَفْعَالُهَا، إمَّا لِنُقْصَانِ جَبَلٍ عَلَيْهِ دِمَاغُهُ فِي أَصْلِ الْخِلْقَةِ، وَإِمَّا لِخُرُوجِ مِزَاجِ الدِّمَاغِ عَنْ الِاعْتِدَالِ بِسَبَبِ خَلْطٍ أَوْ آفَةٍ، وَإِمَّا لِاسْتِيلَاءِ الشَّيْطَانِ عَلَيْهِ وَإِلْقَاءِ الْخَيَالَاتِ الْفَاسِدَةِ إلَيْهِ بِحَيْثُ يَفْرَحُ وَيَفْزَعُ مِنْ غَيْرِ مَا يَصْلُحُ سَبَبًا.

 

Tahtawi, Bāb Salatul Mareedh 436

“والجنون مثله” اعلم أن الأعذار ثلاثة ممتد جدا كالصبا يسقط به جميع العبادات وقاصر جدا كالنوم فلا يسقط به شيء ومتردد بينهما وهو الإغماء فإذا امتد ألحق بالممتد جدا وإلا ألحق بالقاصر جدا ذكر الحدادي ولا يعتبر الإغماء في الصوم والزكاة لأنه يندر وجوده سنة أو شهرا بخلاف الجنون فإنه يمتد فاعتبر في سقوط العبادات والله سبحانه وتعالى أعلم وأستغفر الله العظيم.

 

 

 

 

The Ruling on a Dementia Person Fasting

jknfatawa1 Fasting

                    12th April 2023

 

Question: If someone with dementia keeps forgetting they’re fasting and occasionally takes a sip of water etc during the day (then someone reminds them they are fasting or they remember themselves), is there any rulings regarding their fast? Would this person in any way be exempted from fasting altogether due to their mental condition? Also, what if they have other health conditions that is physically weakening them so what would be the ruling in this regard?

 

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

 

Answer

Your case in question has multiple aspects to it so first understand what dementia is. It is a neurological condition where the nerve cells in the brain are impaired that affects the person’s ability to make rational decisions for themselves. Although there are many causes of dementia, the most common cause according to experts is Alzheimer disease which results in excessive memory loss, forgetfulness, confusion and even personality disorder. Because of this, patients require in most cases full-time professional dependable carers who they overly rely on for basic decisions and behavioural support.[1] They as a result display unusual behaviours that normal people would not generally do.

The effects of constant memory loss, forgetfulness and confusion amongst dementia people vary significantly between them on the spectrum line. Some amongst them despite forgetfulness may be able to communicate as normal people, for instance those suffering from early-stage dementia whilst others with extreme dementia may no be able to communicate nor comprehend their surroundings or even to an extent, not able to distinguish between right from wrong properly. The obligation of fasting therefore, depends on their mental condition on the spectrum line as well as the condition of their health.

As a standard rule, amongst the conditions for the obligation of worship including fasting is sanity i.e. the person’s mental condition must be intact and normal throughout the month.[2] An insane person therefore is someone whose mental state is totally impaired who cannot distinguish between right from wrong nor able to fully comprehend their actions or what they are saying.[3] This state is known as junun and for them the Shariah obligations are uplifted when the state is permanent.[4] So, if a person’s dementia reaches to the state of junun who is not able to comprehend their statements or actions nor distinguish between right from wrong then the obligation of fasting will be uplifted from them altogether. They will not be required to pay fidya either because of the same reason of the responsibility of worship being uplifted from them.

If contrarily, their dementia is not to the extreme of junun and are able to communicate and comprehend but constantly forgetful then they resemble someone with excessive ishtibah and sahw. Provided they are not suffering from terminal illnesses, the obligations of worship such as Salāh and fasting still apply to them. They can however, seek support from their carers in discharging their responsibilities.  If they eat or drink out of forgetfulness then their fast will not break as forgetfulness is excused. If the carer reminded them of their fast (after eating forgetfully) but ignored them and continued eating then their fast will break and only Qadha will be necessary, no kaffarah.[5] Contrarily, if the non-junun patient alongside their dementia is extremely frail or suffers from chronical illnesses whereby fasting proves extremely difficult for them during any time of the year and as a result, have lost all hopes of fasting anytime in the future then they are exempted from fasting altogether and must pay fidyah for each day of the fast, equivalent the amount of Sadaqatul – fitr. The fidya can be either paid every day in Ramadhān or paid all at once (to the poor and destitute) in the beginning of Ramadhān or at the end.[6]

The above was to highlight the general ruling on the given case. As each individual case varies from the other, we recommend consulting the medical profession as well as their carers of their condition and then to determine the obligation of fasting in light of the aforementioned rulings.

 

[Allãh Knows Best]

 

 

Written and researched by (Mufti) Abdul Waheed

Answer Attested by Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

 

 

[1] What is dementia? | Symptoms, causes and diagnosis | Factsheet (greensleeves.org.uk) Available at: https://www.greensleeves.org.uk/what-is-dementia/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIs_bW9s2I_gIVjtPtCh0ScgQWEAAYASAAEgINhPD_BwE] (accessed 2nd April 2023)

A quick guide to dementia – Alzheimer’s Research UK (alzheimersresearchuk.org) Available at: https://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org/dementia-information/quick-guide-dementia/ (accessed 2nd April 2023)

Family Caregiver Alliance (Family Caregiver Alliance) available at: https://www.caregiver.org/resource/is-this-dementia-what-does-it-mean/  (accessed 2nd April 2023)

 

[2] Ibn Nujaym, Bahr Rāiq, Kitāb Sawm, vol 2, p. 277

وَفِي الْبَدَائِعِ وَأَمَّا الْعَقْلُ فَهَلْ هُوَ مِنْ شَرَائِطِ الْوُجُوبِ وَكَذَا الْإِفَاقَةُ وَالْيَقَظَةُ قَالَ عَامَّةُ مَشَايِخِنَا: لَيْسَتْ مِنْ شَرَائِطِ الْوُجُوبِ بَلْ مِنْ شَرَائِطِ وُجُوبِ الْأَدَاءِ مُسْتَدِلِّينَ بِوُجُوبِ الْقَضَاءِ عَلَى الْمُغْمَى عَلَيْهِ وَالنَّائِمِ بَعْدَ الْإِفَاقَةِ وَالِانْتِبَاهِ بَعْدَ مُضِيِّ بَعْضِ الشَّهْرِ أَوْ كُلِّهِ وَكَذَا الْمَجْنُونُ إذَا أَفَاقَ فِي بَعْضِ الشَّهْرِ

Fatawa Hindiyyah, Kitāb Sawm, vol 1, p. 208

الْمَجْنُونُ إذَا أَفَاقَ فِي بَعْضِ الشَّهْرِ يَلْزَمُهُ قَضَاءُ مَا مَضَى، وَإِنْ اسْتَوْعَبَ جُنُونُهُ كُلَّ الشَّهْرِ لَمْ يَقْضِهِ، وَفِي ظَاهِرِ الرِّوَايَةِ لَمْ يَفْصِلْ بَيْنَ الْجُنُونِ الطَّارِئِ عَلَى الْبُلُوغِ وَالْمُقَارِنِ لَهُ كَذَا فِي مُحِيطِ السَّرَخْسِيِّ.

[3] Mawsoo’atul Fiqhiyyah Kuwaitiyyah vol 16, p. 99

الْجُنُونُ فِي اللُّغَةِ: مَصْدَرُ جُنَّ الرَّجُل بِالْبِنَاءِ لِلْمَجْهُول، فَهُوَ مَجْنُونٌ: أَيْ زَال عَقْلُهُ أَوْ فَسَدَ، أَوْ دَخَلَتْهُ الْجِنُّ، وَجَنَّ الشَّيْءَ عَلَيْهِ: سَتَرَهُ. وَأَمَّا فِي الاِصْطِلاَحِ فَقَدْ عَرَّفَهُ الْفُقَهَاءُ وَالأُْصُولِيُّونَ بِعِبَارَاتٍ مُخْتَلِفَةٍ مِنْهَا:

أَنَّهُ اخْتِلاَل الْعَقْل بِحَيْثُ يَمْنَعُ جَرَيَانَ الأَْفْعَال وَالأَْقْوَال عَلَى نَهْجِهِ إِلاَّ نَادِرًا.

وَقِيل: الْجُنُونُ اخْتِلاَل الْقُوَّةِ الْمُمَيِّزَةِ بَيْنَ الأْشْيَاءِ الْحَسَنَةِ وَالْقَبِيحَةِ الْمُدْرِكَةِ لِلْعَوَاقِبِ بِأَنْ لاَ تَظْهَرَ آثَارُهَا، وَأَنْ تَتَعَطَّل أَفْعَالُهَا.

وَعَرَّفَهُ صَاحِبُ الْبَحْرِ الرَّائِقِ بِأَنَّهُ: اخْتِلاَل الْقُوَّةِ الَّتِي بِهَا إِدْرَاكُ الْكُلِّيَّاتِ.

 

Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb Talāq vol 3, p. 241

 (وَالْمَجْنُونُ)

إلَّا إذَا عَلَّقَ عَاقِلًا ثُمَّ جُنَّ فَوُجِدَ الشَّرْطُ

(قَوْلُهُ وَالْمَجْنُونُ) قَالَ فِي التَّلْوِيحِ: الْجُنُونُ اخْتِلَالُ الْقُوَّةِ الْمُمَيِّزَةِ بَيْنَ الْأُمُورِ الْحَسَنَةِ وَالْقَبِيحَةِ الْمُدْرِكَةِ لِلْعَوَاقِبِ، بِأَنْ لَا تَظْهَرَ آثَارُهُ وَتَتَعَطَّلُ أَفْعَالُهَا، إمَّا لِنُقْصَانِ جَبَلٍ عَلَيْهِ دِمَاغُهُ فِي أَصْلِ الْخِلْقَةِ، وَإِمَّا لِخُرُوجِ مِزَاجِ الدِّمَاغِ عَنْ الِاعْتِدَالِ بِسَبَبِ خَلْطٍ أَوْ آفَةٍ،

وَإِمَّا لِاسْتِيلَاءِ الشَّيْطَانِ عَلَيْهِ وَإِلْقَاءِ الْخَيَالَاتِ الْفَاسِدَةِ إلَيْهِ بِحَيْثُ يَفْرَحُ وَيَفْزَعُ مِنْ غَيْرِ مَا يَصْلُحُ سَبَبًا.

 

[4] Tahtawi, Bāb Salatul Mareedh 436

“والجنون مثله” اعلم أن الأعذار ثلاثة ممتد جدا كالصبا يسقط به جميع العبادات وقاصر جدا كالنوم فلا يسقط به شيء ومتردد بينهما وهو الإغماء فإذا امتد ألحق بالممتد جدا وإلا ألحق بالقاصر جدا ذكر الحدادي ولا يعتبر الإغماء في الصوم والزكاة لأنه يندر وجوده سنة أو شهرا بخلاف الجنون فإنه يمتد فاعتبر في سقوط العبادات والله سبحانه وتعالى أعلم وأستغفر الله العظيم.

 

 

[5] Fatawa Hindiyyah, Kitāb Sawm, vol 1, p. 202

(الْبَابُ الرَّابِعُ فِيمَا يُفْسِدُ، وَمَا لَا يُفْسِدُ) . وَالْمُفْسِدُ عَلَى نَوْعَيْنِ (النَّوْعُ الْأَوَّلُ مَا يُوجِبُ الْقَضَاءَ دُونَ الْكَفَّارَةِ) . إذَا أَكَلَ الصَّائِمُ أَوْ شَرِبَ أَوْ جَامَعَ نَاسِيًا لَمْ يُفْطِرْ، وَلَا فَرْقَ بَيْنَ الْفَرْضِ وَالنَّفَلِ كَذَا فِي الْهِدَايَةِ. وَلَوْ قِيلَ لِرَجُلٍ يَأْكُلُ إنَّك صَائِمٌ، وَهُوَ لَا يَتَذَكَّرُ فَالصَّحِيحُ أَنَّهُ يَفْسُدُ صَوْمُهُ هَكَذَا فِي الظَّهِيرِيَّةِ.

 

Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb Sawm, vol 2 p. 395

بَابُ مَا يُفْسِدُ الصَّوْمَ وَمَا لَا يُفْسِدُهُ الْفَسَادُ

وَالْبُطْلَانُ فِي الْعِبَادَاتِ سِيَّانِ (إذَا أَكَلَ الصَّائِمُ أَوْ شَرِبَ أَوْ جَامَعَ) حَالَ كَوْنِهِ (نَاسِيًا) فِي الْفَرْضِ وَالنَّفَلِ قَبْلَ النِّيَّةِ أَوْ بَعْدَهَا عَلَى الصَّحِيحِ بَحْرٌ عَنْ الْقُنْيَةِ إلَّا أَنْ يُذَكَّرَ فَلَمْ يَتَذَكَّرْ وَيُذَكِّرُهُ لَوْ قَوِيًّا وَإِلَّا وَلَيْسَ عُذْرًا فِي حُقُوقِ الْعِبَادِ

(وَقَوْلُهُ: إذَا أَكَلَ) شَرْطٌ جَوَابُهُ قَوْلُهُ الْآتِي لَمْ يُفْطِرْ كَمَا سَيُنَبِّهُ عَلَيْهِ الشَّارِحُ (قَوْلُهُ: نَاسِيًا) أَيْ لِصَوْمِهِ؛ لِأَنَّهُ ذَاكِرٌ لِلْأَكْلِ وَالشُّرْبِ وَالْجِمَاعِ مِعْرَاجٌ……… (قَوْلُهُ: إلَّا أَنْ يُذَكَّرْ فَلَمْ يَتَذَكَّرْ) أَيْ إذَا أَكَلَ نَاسِيًا فَذَكَّرَهُ إنْسَانٌ بِالصَّوْمِ وَلَمْ يَتَذَكَّرْ فَأَكَلَ فَسَدَ صَوْمُهُ فِي الصَّحِيحِ خِلَافًا لِبَعْضِهِمْ ظَهِيرِيَّةٌ؛ لِأَنَّ خَبَرَ الْوَاحِدِ فِي الدِّيَانَاتِ مَقْبُولٌ، فَكَانَ يَجِبُ أَنْ يَلْتَفِتَ إلَى تَأَمُّلِ الْحَالِ لِوُجُودِ الْمُذَكَّرِ بَحْرٌ.

قُلْت: لَكِنْ لَا كَفَّارَةَ عَلَيْهِ وَهُوَ الْمُخْتَارُ كَمَا فِي التَّتَارْخَانِيَّة عَنْ النِّصَابِ وَقَدْ نَسَبُوا هَذِهِ الْمَسْأَلَةَ إلَى أَبِي يُوسُفَ وَنَسَبَ إلَيْهِ الْقُهُسْتَانِيُّ فَسَادَ الصَّوْمِ بِالنِّسْيَانِ مُطْلَقًا وَلَمْ أَرَهُ لِغَيْرِهِ وَسَيَأْتِي مَا يَرُدُّهُ

 

[6] Fatawa Hindiyyah, Kitāb Sawm, vol 1, p. 207

(وَمِنْهَا: كِبَرُ السِّنِّ) فَالشَّيْخُ الْفَانِي الَّذِي لَا يَقْدِرُ عَلَى الصِّيَامِ يُفْطِرُ وَيُطْعِمُ لِكُلِّ يَوْمٍ مِسْكِينًا كَمَا يُطْعِمُ فِي الْكَفَّارَةِ كَذَا فِي الْهِدَايَةِ. وَالْعَجُوزُ مِثْلُهُ كَذَا فِي السِّرَاجِ الْوَهَّاجِ. وَهُوَ الَّذِي كُلُّ يَوْمٍ فِي نَقْصٍ إلَى أَنْ يَمُوتَ كَذَا فِي الْبَحْرِ الرَّائِقِ. ثُمَّ إنْ شَاءَ أَعْطَى الْفِدْيَةَ فِي أَوَّلِ رَمَضَانَ بِمَرَّةٍ، وَإِنْ شَاءَ أَخَّرَهَا إلَى آخِرِهِ كَذَا فِي النَّهْرِ الْفَائِقِ.

 

Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb Sawm, vol 2 p. 427

(وَلِلشَّيْخِ الْفَانِي الْعَاجِزِ عَنْ الصَّوْمِ الْفِطْرُ وَيَفْدِي) وُجُوبًا وَلَوْ فِي أَوَّلِ الشَّهْرِ وَبِلَا تَعَدُّدِ فَقِيرٍ كَالْفِطْرَةِ لَوْ مُوسِرًا وَإِلَّا فَيَسْتَغْفِرُ اللَّهَ هَذَا إذَا كَانَ الصَّوْمُ أَصْلًا بِنَفْسِهِ وَخُوطِبَ بِأَدَائِهِ

(قَوْلُهُ وَلَوْ فِي أَوَّلِ الشَّهْرِ) أَيْ يُخَيَّرُ بَيْنَ دَفْعِهَا فِي أَوَّلِهِ وَآخِرِهِ كَمَا فِي الْبَحْرِ (قَوْلُهُ وَبِلَا تَعَدُّدِ فَقِيرٍ) أَيْ بِخِلَافِ نَحْوِ كَفَّارَةِ الْيَمِينِ لِلنَّصِّ فِيهَا عَلَى التَّعَدُّدِ، فَلَوْ أَعْطَى هُنَا مِسْكِينًا صَاعًا عَنْ يَوْمَيْنِ جَازَ لَكِنْ فِي الْبَحْرِ عَنْ الْقُنْيَةِ أَنَّ عَنْ أَبِي يُوسُفَ فِيهِ رِوَايَتَيْنِ وَعِنْدَ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ لَا يُجْزِيهِ كَمَا فِي كَفَّارَةِ الْيَمِينِ، وَعَنْ أَبِي يُوسُفَ لَوْ أَعْطَى نِصْفَ صَاعٍ مِنْ بُرٍّ عَنْ يَوْمٍ وَاحِدٍ لِمَسَاكِينَ يَجُوزُ قَالَ الْحَسَنُ وَبِهِ نَأْخُذُ اهـ

 

Kasān, Badā’i Sanāi, Kitāb Sawm, vol 2 p. 97

فَصْلٌ حُكْمُ فَسَادِ الصَّوْمِ

وَكَذَا كِبَرُ السِّنِّ حَتَّى يُبَاحَ لِلشَّيْخِ الْفَانِي أَنْ يُفْطِرَ فِي شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ لِأَنَّهُ عَاجِزٌ عَنْ الصَّوْمِ وَعَلَيْهِ الْفِدْيَةُ عِنْدَ عَامَّةِ الْعُلَمَاءِ.

وَقَالَ مَالِكٌ: لَا فِدْيَةَ عَلَيْهِ، وَجْهُ قَوْلِهِ أَنَّ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى، أَوْجَبَ الْفِدْيَةَ عَلَى الْمُطِيقِ لِلصَّوْمِ بِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى {وَعَلَى الَّذِينَ يُطِيقُونَهُ فِدْيَةٌ طَعَامُ مِسْكِينٍ} [البقرة: 184] وَهُوَ لَا يُطِيقُ الصَّوْمَ فَلَا تَلْزَمُهُ الْفِدْيَةُ، وَمَا قَالَهُ مَالِكٌ خِلَافُ إجْمَاعِ السَّلَفِ، فَإِنَّ أَصْحَابَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ – أَوْجَبُوا الْفِدْيَةَ عَلَى الشَّيْخِ الْفَانِي، فَكَانَ ذَلِكَ إجْمَاعًا مِنْهُمْ عَلَى أَنَّ الْمُرَادَ مِنْ الْآيَةِ الشَّيْخُ الْفَانِي إمَّا عَلَى إضْمَارِ حَرْفِ لَا فِي الْآيَةِ عَلَى مَا بَيَّنَّا،

 

 

 

 

Medical Condition and Missed Fasts and Broken Oaths

jknfatawa1 Fasting

8th March 2023

                  

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته

Question: Due to a medical condition my friend has been unable to fast for a number of years and he has also made a few oaths in the past which require expiation. He is not financially well off to offer expiations nor in he having good health to fast and expiate these missed fasts and broken oaths. In this scenario, my friend feels extremely worried as he is unable to fulfil the commands for expiation for fasting and oaths – he has made taubah and hopes his situation becomes better to offer expiations needed. What must he do in this situation?

 

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

 

Answer: Thank for your query we are sorry to learn that your friend has been unable to fast for a number of years and pray that Allah Almighty grants him compete cure, Ameen. Concerning your query, in order for fast not to be obligatory due to a medical reason, then this needs to be confirmed by a practicing Muslim doctor. If it is confirmed that fasting permanently proves detrimental to his health or based on past experience, he is now excused from fasting altogether.[1] He may now resort to alternative ways to expiate his fasts by giving fidya for each of his missed fast. If he is currently not financially well, then he must wait until he has sufficient money to pay fidya. Fidya need not be given all at once but can be given over a period of time. If he reaches to the point of no hope in this even, then he must specify in his will for expiation of his fasts to be paid from one-third of his wealth.

As for the expiation of his broken oaths, fasting for 3 days is the final option given by the Shariah. [2] If he is unable to feed 10 poor people, clothe them nor fast for 3 days, then again better to wait until he is financially able to feed or clothes ten poor people. The jurists have allowed a single kaffarah to expiate all of the past broken oaths. In other words, it is not necessary for him to pay kaffarah for each broken oath, rather one kaffarah would suffice for all of the breached oaths.[3]

 

 

[Allāh Knows Best]

 

 

Written by:  Mufti Anas Mullah        Reviewed by: Mufti Abdul Waheed

Attested by: Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam  

JKN Fatawa Department

 

 

[1] Fatawa Hindiyya, vol 1, p 207

ومنها المرض) المريض إذا خاف على نفسه التلف أو ذهاب عضو يفطر بالإجماع، وإن خاف زيادة العلة وامتدادها فكذلك عندنا، وعليه القضاء إذا أفطر كذا في المحيط. ثم معرفة ذلك باجتهاد المريض والاجتهاد غير مجرد الوهم بل هو غلبة ظن عن أمارة أو تجربة أو بإخبار طبيب مسلم غير ظاهر الفسق كذا في فتح القدير. والصحيح الذي يخشى أن يمرض بالصوم فهو كالمريض هكذا في التبيين

 

[2] Shaami, Kitabul Aymaan, vol 3, p 727

وإن عجز عنها) كلها (وقت الأداء) عندنا، حتى لو وهب ماله وسلمه ثم صام ثم رجع بهبة أجزأه الصوم مجتبى. قلت: وهذا يستثنى من قولهم الرجوع في الهبة فسخ من الأصل (صام ثلاثة أيام ولاء) ويبطل بالحيض، بخلاف كفارة الفطر. وجوز الشافعي التفريق، واعتبر العجز عند الحنث مسكين (والشرط استمرار العجز إلى الفراغ من الصوم، فلو صام المعسر يومين ثم) قبل فراغه ولو بساعة (أيسر) ولو بموت مورثه موسرا (لا يجوز له الصوم) ويستأنف بالمال خانية، ولو صام ناسيا للمال ولم يجز على الصحيح مجتبى. ولو نسي كيف حلف بالله أو بطلاق أو بصوم لا شيء عليه إلا أن يتذكر خانية (ولم يجز) التكفير ولو بالمال خلافا للشافعي (قبل حنث) ولا يسترده من الفقير لوقوعه صدقة.

 

[3] See our fatwa on Kaffarah on multiple oaths breached Kaffarah for Multiple Oaths Breached – JKN Fatawa

A Divorcee’s Menstrual Periods Stop So What to Do?

jknfatawa1 Divorce

21st February 2023

 

Question: A woman who is in her mid-30s received a talaq from her husband after numerous attempts of reconciliation and family mediation. He divorced her through a text message and both have no intention of reconciling. The issue is that this sister’s menstruation stopped a year ago because of birth control. We’ve tried to get medication to speed up her mensuration but nothing seems to help. Doctors said there is no guarantee of when her periods will return, perhaps 3 years and above. What is the Islamic ruling in regards to her waiting period? Can she observe 3 months or must she wait until her periods return after 3 years or so, which there is no guarantee?

 

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

 

Answer

Concerning the case in question, if the sister’s periods stopped the previous year and a complete year has passed and now her husband divorced her with the less likelihood chance of her menses returning after consulting reliable doctors, then she can resort to observing a waiting period of three months after the divorce. To further explain this, as a point of principle a menstruating woman is allowed to resort to a waiting period of three months under the following two conditions;

  1. She reached the age of menopause which is 55 according to the standard Hanafi position
  2. 6 months (or 9 months according to another view) have passed since her last period, irrespective if it was before her menopause age or after. So if before the age of 55, 6 (or 9) months have passed with no signs of menstrual bleeding then she falls under the ruling similar to a menopause.[1]

You mentioned that her menses stopped a year ago, implying that a complete year has elapsed of no signs of periods at all before her husband divorced her. Due to the fact that 6 months duration has elapsed, she can now observe a waiting period of three months immediately after receiving a divorce from her husband provided that there is no hope in her menstrual periods returning.[2] If her periods do return (with regular habit) in the future then her waiting period will now resume to three menses.[3]

 

[Allãh Knows Best]

 

Written and researched by (Mufti) Abdul Waheed

Answer Attested by Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

 

 

 

[1] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb Talāq, vol 5 p. 195-196

(وَ) الْإِيَاسُ (سَنَةٌ) لِلرُّومِيَّةِ وَغَيْرِهَا (خَمْسٌ وَخَمْسُونَ) عِنْدَ الْجُمْهُورِ وَعَلَيْهِ الْفَتْوَى. وَقِيلَ الْفَتْوَى عَلَى خَمْسِينَ نَهْرٌ. وَفِي الْبَحْرِ عَنْ الْجَامِعِ: صَغِيرَةٌ بَلَغَتْ ثَلَاثِينَ سَنَةً وَلَمْ تَحِضْ حُكِمَ بِإِيَاسِهَا.

وَيُؤَيِّدُهُ مَا فِي التَّتَارْخَانِيَّة عَنْ الْيَنَابِيعِ: امْرَأَةٌ مَا رَأَتْ الدَّمَ وَهِيَ بِنْتُ ثَلَاثِينَ سَنَةً مَثَلًا رَأَتْ يَوْمًا دَمًا لَا غَيْرُ ثُمَّ طَلَّقَهَا زَوْجُهَا قَالَ: لَيْسَتْ هِيَ بِآيِسَةٍ. وَقَالَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ: تَعْتَدُّ بِالشُّهُورِ لِأَنَّهَا مِنْ اللَّاتِي لَمْ يَحِضْنَ وَبِهِ نَأْخُذُ. اهـ.

ذَكَرَ فِي الْحَقَائِقِ شَرْحِ الْمَنْظُومَةِ النَّسَفِيَّةِ فِي بَابِ الْإِمَامِ مَالِكٍ مَا نَصُّهُ: وَعِنْدَنَا مَا لَمْ تَبْلُغْ حَدَّ الْإِيَاسِ لَا تَعْتَدُّ بِالْأَشْهُرِ، وَحَدُّهُ خَمْسٌ وَخَمْسُونَ سَنَةً هُوَ الْمُخْتَارُ، لَكِنَّهُ يُشْتَرَطُ لِلْحُكْمِ بِالْإِيَاسِ فِي هَذِهِ الْمُدَّةِ أَنْ يَنْقَطِعَ الدَّمُ عَنْهَا مُدَّةً طَوِيلَةً وَهِيَ سِتَّةُ أَشْهُرٍ فِي الْأَصَحِّ، ثُمَّ هَلْ يُشْتَرَطُ أَنْ يَكُونَ انْقِطَاعُ سِتَّةِ أَشْهُرٍ بَعْدَ مُدَّةِ الْإِيَاسِ؟ الْأَصَحُّ أَنَّهُ لَيْسَ بِشَرْطٍ، حَتَّى لَوْ كَانَ مُنْقَطِعًا قَبْلَ مُدَّةِ الْإِيَاسِ ثُمَّ تَمَّتْ مُدَّةُ الْإِيَاسِ وَطَلَّقَهَا زَوْجُهَا يُحْكَمُ بِإِيَاسِهَا وَتَعْتَدُّ بِثَلَاثَةِ أَشْهُرٍ،

 

[2] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb Talāq, vol 5 p. 185-186

(وَ) الْعِدَّةُ (فِي) حَقِّ (مَنْ لَمْ تَحِضْ) حُرَّةً أَمْ أُمَّ وَلَدٍ (لِصِغَرٍ) بِأَنْ لَمْ تَبْلُغْ تِسْعًا (أَوْ كِبَرٍ) . بِأَنْ بَلَغَتْ سِنَّ الْإِيَاسِ (أَوْ بَلَغَتْ بِالسِّنِّ) وَخَرَجَ بِقَوْلِهِ (وَلَمْ تَحِضْ) الشَّابَّةُ الْمُمْتَدَّةُ بِالطُّهْرِ بِأَنْ حَاضَتْ ثُمَّ امْتَدَّ طُهْرُهَا، فَتَعْتَدُّ بِالْحَيْضِ إلَى أَنْ تَبْلُغَ سِنَّ الْإِيَاسِ جَوْهَرَةٌ وَغَيْرُهَا، وَمَا فِي شَرْحِ الْوَهْبَانِيَّةِ مِنْ انْقِضَائِهَا بِتِسْعَةِ أَشْهُرٍ غَرِيبٌ مُخَالِفٌ لِجَمِيعِ الرِّوَايَاتِ فَلَا يُفْتَى بِهِ.

(قَوْلُهُ: أَوْ بَلَغَتْ بِالسِّنِّ) أَيْ خَمْسَ عَشْرَةَ سَنَةً ط عَنْ الْعِنَايَةِ، وَمِثْلُهَا لَوْ بَلَغَتْ بِالْإِنْزَالِ قَبْلَ هَذِهِ الْمُدَّةِ، وَقَوْلُهُ: وَلَمْ تَحِضْ شَامِلٌ لِمَا إذَا لَمْ تَرَ دَمًا أَصْلًا، أَوْ رَأَتْ وَانْقَطَعَ قَبْلَ التَّمَامِ. قَالَ فِي الْبَحْرِ عَنْ التَّتَارْخَانِيَّة بَلَغَتْ فَرَأَتْ يَوْمًا دَمًا ثُمَّ انْقَطَعَ حَتَّى مَضَتْ سَنَةٌ ثُمَّ طَلَّقَهَا فَعِدَّتُهَا بِالْأَشْهُرِ. اهـ. وَسَيَذْكُرُ الشَّارِحُ عَنْ الْبَحْرِ أَنَّهَا إذَا بَلَغَتْ ثَلَاثِينَ سَنَةً وَلَمْ تَحِضْ حُكِمَ بِإِيَاسِهَا وَيَأْتِي بَيَانُهُ بَيَانُهُ (قَوْلُهُ: بِأَنْ حَاضَتْ) أَيْ ثَلَاثَةَ أَيَّامٍ مَثَلًا (قَوْلُهُ: ثُمَّ امْتَدَّ طُهْرُهَا) أَيْ سَنَةً، أَوْ أَكْثَرَ بَحْرٌ (قَوْلُهُ: مِنْ انْقِضَائِهَا بِتِسْعَةِ أَشْهُرٍ) سَنَةٌ مِنْهَا مُدَّةُ الْإِيَاسِ وَثَلَاثَةٌ مِنْهَا لِلْعِدَّةِ. وَرَأَيْت بِخَطِّ شَيْخِ مَشَايِخِنَا السَّائِحَانِيِّ أَنَّ الْمُعْتَمَدَ عِنْدَ الْمَالِكِيَّةِ أَنَّهُ لَا بُدَّ لِوَفَاءِ الْعِدَّةِ مِنْ سَنَةٍ كَامِلَةٍ تِسْعَةِ أَشْهُرٍ لِمُدَّةِ الْإِيَاسِ وَثَلَاثَةِ أَشْهُرٍ لِانْقِضَاءِ الْعِدَّةِ. قُلْت: وَلِذَا عَبَّرَ فِي الْمَجْمَعِ بِالْحَوْلِ.

(قَوْلُهُ: نَعَمْ لَوْ قَضَى مَالِكِيٌّ بِذَلِكَ نَفَذَ) لِأَنَّهُ مُجْتَهِدٌ فِيهِ، وَهَذَا كُلُّهُ رَدٌّ عَلَى مَا فِي الْبَزَّازِيَّةِ. قَالَ الْعَلَّامَةُ: وَالْفَتْوَى فِي زَمَانِنَا عَلَى قَوْلِ مَالِكٍ وَعَلَى مَا فِي جَامِعِ الْفُصُولَيْنِ: لَوْ قَضَى قَاضٍ بِانْقِضَاءِ عِدَّتِهَا بَعْدَ مُضِيِّ تِسْعَةِ أَشْهُرٍ نَفَذَ اهـ لِأَنَّ الْمُعْتَمَدَ أَنَّ الْقَاضِيَ لَا يَصِحُّ قَضَاؤُهُ بِغَيْرِ مَذْهَبِهِ خُصُوصًا قُضَاةُ زَمَانِنَا

قُلْت: لَكِنَّ هَذَا ظَاهِرٌ إذَا أَمْكَنَ قَضَاءُ مَالِكِيٍّ بِهِ، أَوْ تَحْكِيمُهُ، أَمَّا فِي بِلَادٍ لَا يُوجَدُ فِيهَا مَالِكِيٌّ يَحْكُمُ بِهِ فَالضَّرُورَةُ مُتَحَقِّقَةٌ، وَكَأَنَّ هَذَا وَجْهُ مَا مَرَّ عَنْ الْبَزَّازِيَّةِ وَالْفُصُولَيْنِ، فَلَا يَرِدُ قَوْلُهُ: فِي النَّهْرِ إنَّهُ لَا دَاعِيَ إلَى الْإِفْتَاءِ بِقَوْلٍ نَعْتَقِدُ أَنَّهُ خَطَأٌ يَحْتَمِلُ الصَّوَابَ مَعَ إمْكَانِ التَّرَافُعِ إلَى مَالِكِيٍّ يَحْكُمُ بِهِ اهـ تَأَمَّلْ، وَلِهَذَا قَالَ الزَّاهِدِيُّ: وَقَدْ كَانَ بَعْضُ أَصْحَابِنَا يُفْتُونَ بِقَوْلِ مَالِكٍ فِي هَذِهِ الْمَسْأَلَةِ لِلضَّرُورَةِ. اهـ

(قَوْلُهُ: نَعَمْ لَوْ قَضَى مَالِكِيٌّ بِذَلِكَ نَفَذَ)

لِأَنَّهُ مُجْتَهِدٌ فِيهِ، وَهَذَا كُلُّهُ رَدٌّ عَلَى مَا فِي الْبَزَّازِيَّةِ. قَالَ الْعَلَّامَةُ: وَالْفَتْوَى فِي زَمَانِنَا عَلَى قَوْلِ مَالِكٍ وَعَلَى مَا فِي جَامِعِ الْفُصُولَيْنِ: لَوْ قَضَى قَاضٍ بِانْقِضَاءِ عِدَّتِهَا بَعْدَ مُضِيِّ تِسْعَةِ أَشْهُرٍ نَفَذَ اهـ لِأَنَّ الْمُعْتَمَدَ أَنَّ الْقَاضِيَ لَا يَصِحُّ قَضَاؤُهُ بِغَيْرِ مَذْهَبِهِ خُصُوصًا قُضَاةُ زَمَانِنَا

 

Ibn Nujaym, Bahr Rāiq, Kitāb Kitāb Talāq, vol 4 p. 142

وَفِي التَّتَارْخَانِيَّة امْرَأَةٌ رَأَتْ الدَّمَ وَهِيَ بِنْتُ ثَلَاثِينَ سَنَةً مَثَلًا رَأَتْ يَوْمًا دَمًا لَا غَيْرَ ثُمَّ طَلَّقَهَا زَوْجُهَا قَالَ لَيْسَتْ هِيَ آيِسَةً وَقَالَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ تَعْتَدُّ بِالشُّهُورِ؛ لِأَنَّهَا مِنْ اللَّائِي لَمْ يَحِضْنَ وَبِهِ نَأْخُذُ اهـ.

وَفِي الصُّغْرَى وَاعْتِبَارُ الشُّهُورِ فِي الْعِدَّةِ بِالْأَيَّامِ دُونَ الْأَهِلَّةِ بِالْإِجْمَاعِ إنَّمَا الْخِلَافُ بَيْنَ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ وَصَاحِبَيْهِ فِي الْإِجَارَةِ اهـ.

وَفِي الْمُجْتَبَى جَعَلَهُ عَلَى الْخِلَافِ كَالْإِجَارَةِ وَالدَّيْنِ وَإِنَّمَا تُعْتَبَرُ بِالْأَيَّامِ إجْمَاعًا مُدَّةُ الْعِنِّينِ، وَفِي التَّتَارْخَانِيَّة امْرَأَةٌ بَلَغَتْ فَرَأَتْ يَوْمًا دَمًا ثُمَّ انْقَطَعَ عَنْهَا الدَّمُ حَتَّى مَضَتْ سَنَةٌ ثُمَّ طَلَّقَهَا زَوْجُهَا فَعِدَّتُهَا بِالْأَشْهُرِ اهـ.

وَخَرَجَ بِقَوْلِهِ إنْ لَمْ تَحِضْ الشَّابَّةُ الْمُمْتَدُّ طُهْرُهَا فَلَا تَعْتَدُّ بِالْأَشْهُرِ وَصُورَتُهَا إذَا رَأَتْ ثَلَاثَةَ أَيَّامٍ وَانْقَطَعَ وَمَضَى سَنَةٌ أَوْ أَكْثَرُ ثُمَّ طَلُقَتْ فَعِدَّتُهَا بِالْحَيْضِ إلَى أَنْ تَبْلُغَ إلَى حَدِّ الْإِيَاسِ وَهُوَ خَمْسٌ وَخَمْسُونَ سَنَةً فِي الْمُخْتَارِ كَذَا فِي الْبَزَّازِيَّةِ وَمِنْ الْغَرِيبِ مَا فِي الْبَزَّازِيَّةِ قَالَ الْعَلَّامَةُ وَالْفَتْوَى فِي زَمَانِنَا عَلَى قَوْلِ مَالِكٍ فِي عِدَّةِ الْآيِسَةِ اهـ.

 

Also see Ahsanul Fatawa, vol 5, Ch. Iddah p 444 – 446

 

According to the Maliki school, a divorced woman whose period has ceased can wait up to 9 months after divorce and thereafter observe a waiting period of 3 months for her post-divorce waiting period to complete.  See Sharhul Kabeer wa Hashiyah Dasooqi vol 2, p. 470

[عدة الْحُرَّة]

(وَإِنْ) (لَمْ تُمَيِّزْ) الْمُسْتَحَاضَةُ الْمُطَلَّقَةُ بَيْنَ الدَّمَيْنِ (أَوْ) (تَأَخَّرَ) حَيْضُ الْمُطَلَّقَةِ (بِلَا سَبَبٍ) أَصْلًا (أَوْ) بِسَبَبِ أَنَّهَا (مَرِضَتْ) قَبْلَ الطَّلَاقِ أَوْ بَعْدَهُ فَانْقَطَعَ حَيْضُهَا (تَرَبَّصَتْ) فِي هَذِهِ الْمَسَائِلِ الثَّلَاثَةِ (تِسْعَةً) مِنْ الْأَشْهُرِ اسْتِبْرَاءً لِزَوَالِ الرِّيبَةِ؛ لِأَنَّهَا مُدَّةُ الْحَمْلِ غَالِبًا (ثُمَّ اعْتَدَّتْ بِثَلَاثَةٍ) وَحَلَّتْ بَعْدَ السَّنَةِ حُرَّةً أَوْ أَمَةً وَشُبِّهَ فِي الثَّلَاثَةِ قَوْلُهُ: (كَعِدَّةِ مَنْ لَمْ تَرَ الْحَيْضَ) لِصِغَرٍ، وَهِيَ مُطِيقَةٌ أَوْ لِكَوْنِهَا لَمْ تَرَهُ أَصْلًا.

 

[3] Ibn Nujaym, Bahr Rāiq, Kitāb Kitāb Talāq, vol 4 p. 150

(قَوْلُهُ وَمَنْ عَادَ دَمُهَا بَعْدَ الْأَشْهُرِ الْحَيْضُ) أَيْ: وَعِدَّةُ مَنْ اعْتَدَّتْ بِالْأَشْهُرِ لِإِيَاسِهَا ثُمَّ رَأَتْ دَمًا الْحَيْضُ فَيُنْتَقَضُ مَا مَضَى مِنْ عِدَّتِهَا وَعَلَيْهَا أَنْ تَسْتَأْنِفَ الْعِدَّةَ بِالْحَيْضِ وَمَعْنَاهُ إذَا رَأَتْ الدَّمَ عَلَى الْعَادَةِ؛ لِأَنَّ عَوْدَهُ يُبْطِلُ إيَاسَهَا وَهُوَ الصَّحِيحُ فَظَهَرَ أَنَّهُ لَمْ يَكُنْ خَلْفًا، وَهَذَا؛ لِأَنَّ شَرْطَ الْخَلْفِيَّةِ تَحَقُّقُ الْيَأْسِ وَذَلِكَ بِاسْتِدَامَةِ الْعَجْزِ إلَى الْمَمَاتِ كَالْفِدْيَةِ فِي حَقِّ الشَّيْخِ الْفَانِي كَذَا فِي الْهِدَايَةِ

 

Fatawa Hindiyyah, Kitāb Kitāb Talāq, vol 1, p. 529

إنْ كَانَتْ آيِسَةً فَاعْتَدَّتْ بِالشُّهُورِ، ثُمَّ رَأَتْ الدَّمَ انْتَقَضَ مَا مَضَى مِنْ عِدَّتِهَا، وَعَلَيْهَا أَنْ تَسْتَأْنِفَ الْعِدَّةَ بِالْحَيْضِ وَمَعْنَاهُ إذَا رَأَتْ الدَّمَ عَلَى الْعَادَةِ؛ لِأَنَّ عَوْدَهَا يُبْطِلُ الْإِيَاسَ هُوَ الصَّحِيحُ كَذَا فِي الْهِدَايَةِ.

 

Can Sadaqatul Fitr Be given to non-Muslims?

jknfatawa1 Zakat & Charity

30th December 2022

 

Question: Can sadaqatul fitr be given to non-Muslims? For Instance, on Eid day can I give it to those homeless people sitting outside Tesco or Asda etc?

 

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

 

Answer

We thank you for this important query. Concerning the query itself, the classical Hanafi jurists have differed whether sadaqatul fitr or any other wajib charity such as kaffarah or sadaqah of personal vow can be given to a non-Muslim or not and to which type of non-Muslim. First understand that there are different categories of non-Muslims which the classical literatures discuss. Understanding this is essential as each category has their distinct rulings. The classical jurists divide non-Muslims into three categories as follows;

 

  1. Ahlu dhimma – Those non-Muslims residing in Muslims lands under the protection of an Islamic government.
  2. Harbi – A non-Muslim residing in in a non-Muslim state who are at war against Muslims.
  3. Musta’min – A non-Muslim temporary sojourning in a Muslim land under protection.

 

By consensus, sadaqatul fitr cannot be given to the second and third category (primarily due to non-existence of peace). Sadaqatul fitr can be given to the ahlu dhimmah according to both Imām Abū Haneefah rahimahullah and Imām Muhammad rahimahullah. Imām Abū Yūsuf rahimahullah however disallows it. [1] He equates it to the ruling of Zakāt as in, just as Zakāt cannot be given to a non-Muslim by consensus, then wajib charity cannot be given to them also. Imām Muhammad rahimahullah despite the concession still prefers donating it to a Muslim. Imām Abū Haneefah’s rahimahullah reason for allowing it is because the purpose of sadaqah is to fulfil people’s needs which is rewarding to the donor similar to optional charity. This is fulfilled even by giving sadaqtul fitr to the ahlu dhimmah. Moreover, giving charity to such non-Muslims falls under the remit of kind treatment towards them which the Quran allows. Zakāt eligibility however is exceptional to this case due to the Hadeeth of Sayyiduna Mu’adh radhiyallahu anhu which specifies Muslims to be the only legitimate recipients of it. The reason for the underlying differences becomes apparent that Imām Abū Yūsuf rahimahullah equates sadaqtul fitr to Zakāt as both are obligatory charities whilst Imām Abū Haneefah rahimahullah equates it to optional charity. Imām Muhammad rahimahullah on the other hand prefers the middle ground in that he permits it but prefers to prioritise Muslims.[2]

The question is which of the above categories do today’s non-Muslims fall under? Muslims residing alongside non-Muslims in western lands makes it difficult to categorise non-Muslims into any of the above three categories due to the change of the social dynamics. Clearly, they do not belong to the ahlu dhimmah category and neither harbi due to truce existing between Muslims and non-Muslim government. Mustamin is also not applicable as they refer to those harbies sojourning in Muslim lands. We must therefore refer to the principle alluded by Imām Abū Haneefah rahimahullah which suggests that Islām does not prohibit Muslims from kind treatment towards non-Muslims who do not jeopardise the faith, lives and property of Muslims. Giving charity also includes kind treatment towards them.

So to conclude, with the exception of Zakāt any form of charity whether it is optional or wajib such as sadaqatul fitr can be given to present day non-Muslim beggars on the streets based on the above principle although prioritising Muslims would be better so to avoid the differences.  

 

 

 

[Allãh Knows Best]

 

 

Written and researched by (Mufti) Abdul Waheed

Answer Attested by Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

 

 

[1] Fatawa Hindiyyah, Kitāb Zakāt, vol 1, p. 188

الْبَابُ السَّابِعُ فِي الْمَصَارِفِ

وَأَمَّا أَهْلُ الذِّمَّةِ فَلَا يَجُوزُ صَرْفُ الزَّكَاةِ إلَيْهِمْ بِالِاتِّفَاقِ وَيَجُوزُ صَرْفُ صَدَقَةِ التَّطَوُّعِ إلَيْهِمْ بِالِاتِّفَاقِ، وَاخْتَلَفُوا فِي صَدَقَةِ الْفِطْرِ وَالنُّذُورِ وَالْكَفَّارَاتِ قَالَ أَبُو حَنِيفَةَ وَمُحَمَّدٌ – رَحِمَهُمَا اللَّهُ تَعَالَى – يَجُوزُ إلَّا أَنَّ فُقَرَاءَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ أَحَبُّ إلَيْنَا كَذَا فِي شَرْحِ الطَّحَاوِيِّ. وَأَمَّا الْحَرْبِيُّ الْمُسْتَأْمَنُ فَلَا يَجُوزُ دَفْعُ الزَّكَاةِ وَالصَّدَقَةِ الْوَاجِبَةِ إلَيْهِ بِالْإِجْمَاعِ وَيَجُوزُ صَرْفُ التَّطَوُّعِ إلَيْهِ كَذَا فِي السِّرَاجِ الْوَهَّاجِ.

 

Kasān, Badā’i Sanāi, Kitāb Zakāt, vol 2 p. 74

فَصْلٌ رُكْن صَدَقَة الْفِطْر

وَشَرَائِطِ الرُّكْنِ أَيْضًا مَا ذَكَرْنَا هُنَاكَ غَيْرَ أَنَّ إسْلَامَ الْمُؤَدَّى إلَيْهِ هَهُنَا لَيْسَ بِشَرْطٍ لِجَوَازِ الْأَدَاءِ عِنْدَ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ وَمُحَمَّدٍ فَيَجُوزُ دَفْعُهَا إلَى أَهْلِ الذِّمَّةِ، وَعِنْدَ أَبِي يُوسُفَ، وَالشَّافِعِيِّ شَرْطٌ وَلَا يَجُوزُ الدَّفْعُ إلَيْهِمْ وَلَا يَجُوزُ الدَّفْعُ إلَى الْحَرْبِيِّ

 

Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb Zakāt, vol 2 p. 352

(ولا) تدفع (إلى ذمي) لحديث معاذ (وجاز) دفع (غيرها وغير العشر) والخراج (إليه) أي الذمي ولو واجبا كنذر وكفارة وفطرة

(قوله: خلافا للثاني) حيث قال إن دفع سائر الصدقات الواجبة إليه لا يجوز اعتبارا بالزكاة، وصرح في الهداية وغيرها بأن هذه رواية عن الثاني، وظاهره أن قوله المشهور كقولهما (قوله: وبقوله يفتي) الذي في حاشية الخير الرملي عن الحاوي وبقوله نأخذ.

قلت: لكن كلام الهداية وغيرها يفيد ترجيح قولهما وعليه المتون (قوله: وأما الحربي) محترز الذمي (قوله: عن الغاية) أي غاية البيان، وقوله وغيرهما أي النهاية فافهم

 

[2] Sarakhsi, al-Mabsoot, Kitāb Sawm, vol 3 p. 111

بَابُ صَدَقَةِ الْفِطْرِ

(قَالَ) : وَيَجُوزُ أَنْ يَدْفَعَ صَدَقَةَ الْفِطْرِ إلَى أَهْلِ الذِّمَّةِ وَعَلَى قَوْلِ الشَّافِعِيِّ – رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى – لَا يَجُوزُ وَعَنْ أَبِي يُوسُفَ – رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى – ثَلَاثُ رِوَايَاتٍ فِي رِوَايَةٍ قَالَ: كُلُّ صَدَقَةٍ مَذْكُورَةٌ فِي الْقُرْآنِ لَا يَجُوزُ دَفْعُهَا إلَى أَهْلِ الذِّمَّةِ فَعَلَى هَذِهِ الرِّوَايَةِ يَجُوزُ دَفْعُ صَدَقَةِ الْفِطْرِ إلَيْهِمْ، وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ قَالَ: كُلُّ صَدَقَةٍ وَاجِبَةٌ بِإِيجَابِ الشَّرْعِ ابْتِدَاءً مِنْ غَيْرِ سَبَبٍ مِنْ الْعَبْدِ لَا يَجُوزُ دَفْعُهَا إلَى أَهْلِ الذِّمَّةِ فَعَلَى هَذَا لَا يَجُوزُ دَفْعُ صَدَقَةِ الْفِطْرِ إلَيْهِمْ، وَيَجُوزُ دَفْعُ الْكَفَّارَاتِ وَالنُّذُورِ إلَيْهِمْ وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ قَالَ: كُلُّ صَدَقَةٍ هِيَ وَاجِبَةٌ لَا يَجُوزُ دَفْعُهَا إلَيْهِمْ فَعَلَى هَذَا لَا يَجُوزُ دَفْعُ الْكَفَّارَاتِ وَإِنَّمَا يَجُوزُ دَفْعُ التَّطَوُّعَاتِ وَالشَّافِعِيُّ – رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى – يَقِيسُ هَذَا بِزَكَاةِ الْمَالِ بِعِلَّةِ أَنَّهَا صَدَقَةٌ وَاجِبَةٌ فَإِنَّ الصَّدَقَةَ الْمَالِيَّةَ صِلَةٌ وَاجِبَةٌ لِلْمَحَاوِيجِ الْمُنَاسِبِينَ لَهُ فِي الْمِلَّةِ فَلَا يَمْلِكُ صَرْفَهَا إلَى غَيْرِهِمْ وَالْمَقْصُودُ مِنْهُ أَنْ يَتَقَوَّى بِهِ عَلَى الطَّاعَةِ، وَيَتَفَرَّغَ عَنْ السُّؤَالِ لِإِقَامَةِ صَلَاةِ الْعِيدِ، وَلَا يَحْصُلُ هَذَا الْمَقْصُودُ بِالصَّرْفِ إلَى أَهْلِ الذِّمَّةِ كَمَا لَا يَحْصُلُ بِالصَّرْفِ إلَيَّ الْمُسْتَأْمَنِينَ فَكَمَا لَا يَجُوزُ صَرْفُهَا إلَيْهِمْ فَكَذَلِكَ إلَى أَهْلِ الذِّمَّةِ.

(وَلَنَا) أَنَّ الْمَقْصُودَ سَدُّ خَلَّةِ الْمُحْتَاجِ، وَدَفَعَ حَاجَتِهِ بِفِعْلٍ هُوَ قُرْبَةٌ مِنْ الْمُؤَدِّي وَهَذَا الْمَقْصُودُ حَاصِلٌ بِالصَّرْفِ إلَى أَهْلِ الذِّمَّةِ فَإِنَّ التَّصَدُّقَ عَلَيْهِمْ قُرْبَةٌ بِدَلِيلِ التَّطَوُّعَاتِ؛ لِأَنَّا لَمْ نُنْهَ عَنْ الْمَبَرَّةِ لِمَنْ لَا يُقَاتِلُنَا قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: {لَا يَنْهَاكُمْ اللَّهُ عَنْ الَّذِينَ لَمْ يُقَاتِلُوكُمْ فِي الدِّينِ} [الممتحنة: 8] الْآيَةُ بِخِلَافِ الْمُسْتَأْمَنِ فَإِنَّهُ مُقَاتِلٌ وَقَدْ نُهِينَا عَنْ الْمَبَرَّةِ مَعَ مَنْ يُقَاتِلُنَا قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: {إنَّمَا يَنْهَاكُمْ اللَّهُ عَنْ الَّذِينَ قَاتَلُوكُمْ فِي الدِّينِ} [الممتحنة: 9] الْآيَةُ، وَالْقِيَاسُ أَنْ يَجُوزَ صَرْفُ الزَّكَاةِ إلَيْهِمْ إنَّمَا تَرَكْنَا الْقِيَاسَ فِيهِ بِالنَّصِّ، وَهُوَ قَوْلُهُ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ – لِمُعَاذٍ «خُذْهَا مِنْ أَغْنِيَائِهِمْ وَرُدَّهَا فِي فُقَرَائِهِمْ» وَالْمُرَادُ بِهِ الزَّكَاةُ لَا صَدَقَةُ الْفِطْرِ وَالْكَفَّارَاتُ إذْ لَيْسَ لِلسَّاعِي فِيهَا وِلَايَةُ الْأَخْذِ فَبَقِيَ عَلَى أَصْلِ الْقِيَاسِ.

(قَالَ) : وَفُقَرَاءُ الْمُسْلِمِينَ أَحَبُّ إلَيَّ؛ لِأَنَّهُ أَبْعَدُ عَنْ الْخِلَافِ؛ وَلِأَنَّهُمْ يَتَقَوَّوْنَ بِهَا عَلَى الطَّاعَةِ وَعِبَادَةِ الرَّحْمَنِ، وَالذِّمِّيُّ يَتَقَوَّى بِهَا عَلَى عِبَادَةِ الشَّيْطَانِ.

 

Is Yellow Discharge Considered Period Bleeding?

jknfatawa1 Women

30th November 2022

 

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته

Question:  I have an established habit of 7 days. The initial bleeding is usually red, dark red or brown. However, 3 weeks after my last period, I saw some yellow discharge for two days then it stopped and didn’t see anything thereafter. Are they classed as periods or not?

 

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

 

Answer:

Thank you for your question. In reference to your query, generally yellow discharge is considered a period blood,[1] however in your situation as the bleeding/discharge did not carry on for a minimum of 3 days,[2] the 2 days of yellow discharge will not be considered as period. However, if you saw any blood within 8 days after that then the 2 days of yellow discharge then it would be classed as periods because the duration has lapsed 3 days.[3]

 

 

[Allāh Knows Best]

 

 

Written by:  Apa Sajeda          Reviewed by: Mufti Abdul Waheed

Attested by: Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam    

JKN Fatawa Department

 

[1] Fatawa Hindiyya, Kitāb Taharah, Baab dima al-muktassa binisa. V1 pg. 36

وَمِنْهَا أَنْ يَكُونَ عَلَى لَوْنٍ مِنْ الْأَلْوَانِ السِّتَّةِ: السَّوَادُ وَالْحُمْرَةُ وَالصُّفْرَةُ وَالْكُدْرَةُ وَالْخُضْرَةُ وَالتُّرْبِيَةُ هَكَذَا فِي النِّهَايَةِ 

 

[2] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitābul Taharah, Bāb Al-Haidh, vol 1 p. 283

وَ (أَقَلُّهُ ثَلَاثَةٌ بِلَيَالِيِهَا) الثَّلَاثِ،

 

[3] Mufti Mahmood Ganghohi, Fatwa Mahmoodiya, Kitaab Al Tahara, Baab alhaidh, Vol 5, pg 200

سوال 1969: کسی عورت کو کبھی دو دن ،کبھی 3 دن لگاتر حیض آتا ہے پھر بلکل بند ہوجاتا ہے۔۔۔۔

 

Dissolving a Marriage Due to Erectile Dysfunction

jknfatawa1 Divorce

23rd November 2022

 

Question: Almost 10 years we have not had a martial relationship due to my husband erectile dysfunction which has been medically proven and was provided with an artificial rubber penis. I have been married 24 years we have never had a relationship where we connected from the heart for me it was due to lack of support and family pressure and not knowing my Islamic rights. We don’t have any children.  I have spoken to my husband on several occasions discussing that we dissolve this marriage so I can move forward in life without doing any sin. But he is in denial and will not admit he has a medical problem and nor does he want to divorce me.  My question to you is what is the fatwa for a married women in Islām and what is my right in this situation as I have needs which are not being fulfilled?  I do not want to commit zina but my needs are not being met by him.

 

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

 

Answer

Concerning your case scenario, your Islamic right to demand a divorce depends on a number of factors such as, whether this particular illness falls under the Islamic category of ineen or not, his condition existed before the marriage or occurred after the marriage. If before the marriage then whether you knew about it beforehand and consented to it or not and moreover, whether the marriage was consummated even once with full penetration or not. If the illness occurred after the marriage, then how long after the marriage did he suffer from such condition and to what extent has this mentally impacted you and whether the medical treatment has made any difference to him or not. These are the broad question that the board members of Sharī῾ah Council ask before deciding to dissolve the marriage if the husband is no willing to divorce his wife.[1] Since you are enquiring about the legitimacy of demanding divorce, our detailed answer is as follows.

 

Erectile dysfunction is a sexual deficiency that is not uncommon amongst men especially above the age of 40 (but some cases less than that) that can be caused by stress, anxiety, diabetes, high blood pressure or any other medical condition affecting the genital area. It occurs when there is not enough blood flow into the penis to trap the blood for erection during intimacy.[2] Though the doctors have provided your husband with an artificial rubber penis as a safe alternative, it has no legal implication nor can it be deemed similar to an actual penis fulfilling his wife’s sexual right, like an impotent man inserting his finger to satisfy his wife. His condition resembles to what the classical jurists refer to as an inneen – a person who is unable to have intimate relationship nor can he penetrate his wife’s vaginal area. The causes of this sexual deficiency may include old age, black magic, illness, sterilised and so forth. In all instances, he is unable to have an erection for penetration.[3]

 

When the husband becomes an impotent then his wife has the legitimate right to ask for a divorce. If there is a likelihood fear that she will fall into zina then ethically he should divorce her so to allow her to move on with her life. If he still refuses then she must present her case to a reputable Sharī῾ah Council who upon investigation will dissolve the marriage under the following conditions;

 

  1. She was unaware of his condition before the marriage.
  2. She did not consent to his condition nor expressed clear consent upon discovering it. If she did consent then her right to divorce is revoked.
  3. The marriage was not consummated at all. If it was consummated and thereafter became impotent then she has no right to dissolution.[4]

The Sharī῾ah Council will then give him one year respite for his treatment and if thereafter, he is not cured then they will dissolve the marriage. The wife’s respite does not count due to not presenting the case in front of the Sharī῾ah Council who are responsible for dissolving the marriage.[5] Thus, despite the medical documentation she provides, the Sharī῾ah Council would in principle still give one year of respite.

 

Having said the above, there are a few concerns that need to be addressed. The first being the sexual rights of the couple. The jurists such as Ibn Abideen Shami rahimahullah explain that the rights to sexual relationship belong to both the husband and wife. Just as his sexual needs ought to be fulfilled then so should her needs must be met and failing to do so is tantamount to neglecting her fundamental rights to which Islamically she has every right to object. Judicially (qadha’an), he must consummate the marriage at least once otherwise the judge can coerce him to do so, but ethically (diyanatan) compulsory more than once (or as frequent as possible). Some jurists maintain that the judge can even coerce him to be intimate with her more than once if he refuses, thus implying that consummation even more than once is judicially necessary, not just ethically.[6] Hence, the Sharī῾ah Councils can overrule the third condition above by taking her concerns into consideration and dissolve the marriage if he can no longer fulfil her sexual needs even if the marriage was consummated once.

 

A final point on this is that deprivation of sexual needs despite being married for a long-time can most likely result in tension and discord between the couple which can negatively impact the Islamic spirit of marriage which is built on peace and tranquillity. In other words, peace in marriage comes from heathy sexual relationship and when this is absent then so is the peaceful relationship in marriage. Strict application of the above conditions; consummation at least once and her initial consent, and her husband’s unwillingness to divorce falls contrary to the Islamic spirit of Nikah. Thus, in due consideration of this as Shaykh Khalid Sayfullah Rahmani also maintains is that despite if she initially consented to his condition and consummated, if her sexual needs are being neglected due to the husband’s impotency such as in the above case, her marriage can be dissolved so to safeguard her from further harm.[7]

 

In summary, it is permissible for you to ask for a divorce and if he refuses then you can present your case to a reputable Sharī῾ah Council who may dissolve your marriage upon examining your condition.

 

 

 

 

 [Allãh Knows Best]

 

 

Written and researched by (Mufti) Abdul Waheed

 

Answer Attested by Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

[1] For more details, see Mufti Mahmood Hasan Gangohi Fatawa Mahmoodiyyah, Ch. Faskh and Tafreeq, vol 13, p. 273-274

 

[2] NHS, (2020) Erectile Dysfunction (impotence), at: Erectile dysfunction (impotence) – NHS (www.nhs.uk) [accessed 4th November 2022]

 

[3] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb Talāq, vol 3 p. 494

بَابُ الْعِنِّينِ

وَغَيْرِهِ (هُوَ) لُغَةً مَنْ لَا يَقْدِرُ عَلَى الْجِمَاعِ فِعِّيلٌ بِمَعْنَى مَفْعُولٍ جَمْعُهُ عُنُنٌ. وَشَرْعًا (مَنْ لَا يَقْدِرُ عَلَى جِمَاعِ فَرْجِ زَوْجَتِهِ) يَعْنِي لِمَانِعٍ مِنْهُ كَكِبْرِ سِنٍّ، أَوْ سِحْرٍ

شُرُوعٌ فِي بَيَانِ مَنْ بِهِ مَرَضٌ لَهُ تَعَلُّقٌ بِالنِّكَاحِ (قَوْلُهُ: وَغَيْرِهِ) الْأَوْلَى وَنَحْوِهِ مِنْ كُلِّ مَنْ لَا يَقْدِرُ عَلَى جِمَاعِ زَوْجَتِهِ: كَالْمَجْبُوبِ، وَالْخَصِيِّ، وَالْمَسْحُورِ، وَالشَّيْخِ الْكَبِيرِ، وَالشَّكَّازِ – كَشَدَّادٍ بِشِينٍ مُعْجَمَةٍ وَزَايٍ –: مَنْ إذَا حَدَّثَ الْمَرْأَةَ أَنْزَلَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُخَالِطَهَا قَامُوسٌ (قَوْلُهُ: عَلَى الْجِمَاعِ) أَيْ جِمَاعِ زَوْجَتِهِ، أَوْ غَيْرِهَا، فَهُوَ أَعَمُّ مِنْ الْمَعْنَى الشَّرْعِيِّ الْآتِي

(قَوْلُهُ: عَلَى جِمَاعِ فَرْجِ زَوْجَتِهِ) – أَيْ مَعَ وُجُودِ الْآلَةِ سَوَاءٌ كَانَتْ تَقُومُ أَوْ لَا – أَخْرَجَ الدُّبُرَ فَلَا يَخْرُجُ عَنْ الْعُنَّةِ بِالْإِدْخَالِ فِيهِ خِلَافًا لِابْنِ عَقِيلٍ مِنْ الْحَنَابِلَةِ مِعْرَاجٌ لِأَنَّ الْإِدْخَالَ فِيهِ وَإِنْ كَانَ أَشَدَّ، لَكِنَّهُ قَدْ يَكُونُ مَمْنُوعًا عَنْ الْإِدْخَالِ فِي الْفَرْجِ لِسِحْرٍ

 

Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitābus Talāq, vol 3 p. 494

(وَلَوْ وَجَدَتْهُ عِنِّينًا) هُوَ مَنْ لَا يَصِلُ إلَى النِّسَاءِ لِمَرَضٍ أَوْ كِبَرٍ، أَوْ سِحْرٍ وَيُسَمَّى الْمَعْقُودَ وَهْبَانِيَّةٌ (أَوْ خَصِيًّا) لَا يَنْتَشِرُ ذَكَرُهُ، فَإِنْ انْتَشَرَ لَمْ تُخَيَّرْ بَحْرٌ

(قَوْلُهُ: وَلَوْ وَجَدَتْهُ) أَيْ لَوْ وَجَدَتْ الْمَرْأَةُ الْحُرَّةُ غَيْرُ الرَّتْقَاءِ – كَمَا مَرَّ فِي زَوْجَةِ الْمَجْبُوبِ – زَوْجَهَا، وَلَوْ مَعْتُوهًا فَيُؤَجَّلُ بِحَضْرَةِ خَصْمٍ عَنْهُ كَمَا فِي الْبَحْرِ، وَيُشْتَرَطُ لِتَأْجِيلِهِ فِي الْحَالِ كَوْنُهُ بَالِغًا، أَوْ مُرَاهِقًا، وَكَوْنُهُ صَحِيحًا وَغَيْرَ مُتَلَبِّسٍ بِإِحْرَامٍ كَمَا سَيَأْتِي؛ وَشَمِلَ مَا لَوْ وَصَلَ إلَيْهَا ثُمَّ أَبَانَهَا ثُمَّ تَزَوَّجَهَا وَلَمْ يَصِلْ إلَيْهَا فِي النِّكَاحِ الثَّانِي لِتَجَدُّدِ حَقِّ الْمُطَالَبَةِ بِكُلِّ عَقْدٍ كَمَا فِي الْبَحْرِ (قَوْلُهُ: عِنِّينًا) وَمِثْلُهُ الشَّكَّازُ كَمَا مَرَّ (قَوْلُهُ: هُوَ مَنْ لَا يَصِلُ إلَى النِّسَاءِ إلَخْ) هَذَا مَعْنَاهُ لُغَةً، وَأَمَّا مَعْنَاهُ الشَّرْعِيُّ الْمُرَادُ هُنَا: فَهُوَ مَنْ لَا يَقْدِرُ عَلَى جِمَاعِ فَرْجِ زَوْجَتِهِ مَعَ قِيَامِ الْآلَةِ لِمَرَضٍ بِهِ كَمَا مَرَّ،

 

Ibn Nujaym, Bahr Rāiq, Kitāb Talāq, vol 4 p. 133

بَابُ الْعِنِّينِ

وَأَمَّا عِنْدَ الْفُقَهَاءِ فَهُوَ مَنْ لَا يَصِلُ إلَى النِّسَاءِ مَعَ قِيَامِ الْآلَةِ لِمَرَضٍ بِهِ وَإِنْ كَانَ يَصِلُ إلَى الثَّيِّبِ دُونَ الْبِكْرِ أَوْ إلَى بَعْضِ النِّسَاءِ دُونَ بَعْضٍ سَوَاءٌ كَانَتْ آلَتُهُ تَقُومُ أَوْ لَا كَمَا فِي الْعِنَايَةِ……

وَلِذَا قَالَ فِي شَرْحِ الْمَنْظُومَةِ الشَّكَّازُ بِفَتْحِ الْمُعْجَمَةِ وَكَافٍ مُشَدَّدَةٍ وَبَعْدَ الْأَلْفِ زَايٌ هُوَ الَّذِي إذَا جَذَبَ الْمَرْأَةَ أَنْزَلَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُخَالِطَهَا ثُمَّ لَا تَنْتَشِرُ آلَتُهُ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ لِجِمَاعِهَا وَهُوَ مِنْ قَبِيلِ الْعِنِّينِ لَهَا الْمُطَالَبَةُ بِالتَّفْرِيقِ وَإِنْ كَانَ يَصِلُ إلَى الثَّيِّبِ دُونَ الْبِكْرِ أَوْ إلَى بَعْضِ النِّسَاءِ دُونَ بَعْضٍ لِضَعْفِ طَبِيعَتِهِ أَوْ لِكِبَرِ سِنِّهِ أَوْ سِحْرٍ فَهُوَ عِنِّينٌ فِي حَقِّ مَنْ لَا يَصِلُ إلَيْهَا لِفَوَاتِ الْمَقْصُودِ فِي حَقِّهَا

 

 

[4] Maulana Abdus Samad Rahmani, faskh wa Tafreeq, p. 107

 

Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitābus Talāq, vol 3 p. 501

(تَزَوَّجَ) الْأُولَى، أَوْ امْرَأَةً (أُخْرَى عَالِمَةً بِحَالِهِ لَا خِيَارَ لَهَا عَلَى الْمَذْهَبِ) الْمُفْتَى بِهِ بَحْرٌ عَنْ الْمُحِيطِ خِلَافًا لِتَصْحِيحِ الْخَانِيَّةِ.

قُلْت: وَوَجْهُ الْمُفْتَى بِهِ أَنَّهُ بَعْدَ عِلْمِهَا بِتَحَقُّقِ عَجْزِهِ وَعَدَمِ عِلْمِهَا بِأَنَّ عَجْزَهُ مُخْتَصٌّ بِالْأُولَى تَكُونُ رَاضِيَةً بِهِ، وَطَمَعُهَا فِي وُصُولِهِ إلَيْهَا يُؤَكِّدُ رِضَاهَا بِهِ

 

Ibn Nujaym, Bahr Rāiq, Kitāb Talāq, vol 4 p. 135

وَأَشَارَ إلَى أَنَّهُ لَوْ وَطِئَهَا مَرَّةً لَا حَقَّ لَهَا فِي الْمُطَالَبَةِ لِسُقُوطِ حَقِّهَا بِالْمَرَّةِ قَضَاءً وَمَا زَادَ عَلَيْهَا فَهُوَ مُسْتَحَقٌّ دِيَانَةً لَا قَضَاءً كَمَا فِي جَامِعِ قَاضِي خَانْ، وَفِي فَتَاوَاهُ لَوْ كَانَ يَأْتِيهَا فِيمَا دُونَ الْفَرْجِ حَتَّى يُنْزِلَ وَتُنْزِلَ وَلَا يَصِلُ إلَيْهَا فِي فَرْجِهَا وَقَامَتْ مَعَهُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ زَمَانًا وَهِيَ بِكْرٌ أَوْ ثَيِّبٌ ثُمَّ خَاصَمَتْهُ إلَى الْقَاضِي أَجَّلَهُ الْقَاضِي سَنَةً، وَلَوْ وَطِئَهَا بَعْدَ التَّأْجِيل سَقَطَ حَقُّهَا وَلَوْ حَائِضًا أَوْ نُفَسَاءَ أَوْ صَائِمَةً أَوْ مُحْرِمَةً كَذَا فِي الْمِعْرَاجِ وَإِلَى أَنَّ الزَّوْجَ لَوْ طَلَبَ أَنْ يُؤَجِّلَ بَعْدَ السَّنَةِ، وَلَوْ يَوْمًا لَا يُجِيبُهُ الْقَاضِي إلَّا بِرِضَاهَا وَلَهَا الرُّجُوعُ وَاخْتِيَارُ الْفُرْقَةِ كَذَا فِي الِاخْتِيَارِ وَقَدَّمْنَا أَنَّ الْمُرَادَ بِالزَّوْجَةِ الْحُرَّةُ

 

 

[5] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitābus Talāq, vol 3 p. 497

(أُجِّلَ سَنَةً) لِاشْتِمَالِهَا عَلَى الْفُصُولِ الْأَرْبَعَةِ، وَلَا عِبْرَةَ بِتَأْجِيلِ غَيْرِ قَاضِي الْبَلْدَةِ (قَمَرِيَّةً) بِالْأَهِلَّةِ عَلَى الْمَذْهَبِ وَهِيَ ثَلَثُمِائَةٍ وَأَرْبَعَةٌ وَخَمْسُونَ يَوْمًا وَبَعْضُ يَوْمٍ، وَقِيلَ: شَمْسِيَّةً بِالْأَيَّامِ وَهِيَ أَزْيَدُ بِأَحَدَ عَشَرَ يَوْمًا، قِيلَ وَبِهِ يُفْتَى،

فَالْحَقُّ أَنَّ التَّفْرِيقَ إمَّا بِغَلَبَةِ ظَنِّ عَدَمِ زَوَالِهِ لِزَمَانَتِهِ أَوْ لِلْآفَةِ الْأَصْلِيَّةِ، وَمُضِيُّ السَّنَةِ مُوجِبٌ لِذَلِكَ، أَوْ هُوَ عَدَمُ إيفَاءِ حَقِّهَا، وَالسَّنَةُ جُعِلَتْ غَايَةً فِي الصَّبْرِ وَإِبْلَاءِ الْعُذْرِ شَرْعًا، وَتَمَامُهُ فِي الْفَتْحِ (قَوْلُهُ: وَلَا عِبْرَةَ بِتَأْجِيلِ غَيْرِ قَاضِي الْبَلْدَةِ) لِأَنَّ هَذَا مُقَدِّمَةُ أَمْرٍ لَا يَكُونُ إلَّا عِنْدَ الْقَاضِي وَهُوَ الْفُرْقَةُ فَكَذَا مُقَدِّمَتُهُ وَلْوَالِجِيَّةٌ، فَلَا يُعْتَبَرُ تَأْجِيلُ الْمَرْأَةِ وَلَا تَأْجِيلُ غَيْرِهَا بَحْرٌ عَنْ الْخَانِيَّةِ، وَلَا يُعْتَبَرُ تَأْجِيلُ غَيْرِ الْحَاكِمِ كَائِنًا مَنْ كَانَ فَتْحٌ، وَظَاهِرُهُ وَلَوْ مُحَكَّمًا تَأَمَّلْ. وَفِي الْبَحْرِ: وَلَوْ عُزِلَ الْقَاضِي بَعْدَمَا أَجَّلَهُ بَنَى الْمَوْلَى عَلَى التَّأْجِيلِ الْأَوَّلِ (قَوْلُهُ: بِالْأَهِلَّةِ عَلَى الْمَذْهَبِ) وَجْهُهُ أَنَّ الثَّابِتَ عَنْ الصَّحَابَةِ كَعُمَرَ وَغَيْرِهِ اسْمُ السَّنَةِ، وَأَهْلُ الشَّرْعِ إنَّمَا يَتَعَارَفُونَ الْأَشْهُرَ وَالسِّنِينَ بِالْأَهِلَّةِ، فَإِذَا أَطْلَقُوا السَّنَةَ انْصَرَفُوا إلَى ذَلِكَ مَا لَمْ يُصَرِّحُوا بِخِلَافِهِ فَتْحٌ

(قَوْلُهُ: وَقِيلَ شَمْسِيَّةٌ) اخْتَارَهُ شَمْسُ الْأَئِمَّةِ السَّرَخْسِيُّ وَقَاضِي خَانْ وَظَهِيرُ الدِّينِ، وَهِيَ رِوَايَةُ الْحَسَنِ عَنْ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ فَتْحٌ. وَعَنْ مُحَمَّدٍ أَنَّ الِاعْتِبَارَ لِلْعَدَدِيَّةِ وَهِيَ ثَلَثُمِائَةٍ وَسِتُّونَ يَوْمًا قُهُسْتَانِيٌّ (قَوْلُهُ: وَهِيَ أَزْيَدُ بِأَحَدَ عَشَرَ يَوْمًا) أَيْ وَخَمْسِ سَاعَاتٍ وَخَمْسٍ وَخَمْسِينَ دَقِيقَةً، أَوْ تِسْعٍ وَأَرْبَعِينَ دَقِيقَةً، وَتَمَامُهُ فِي الْقُهُسْتَانِيِّ

 

 

[6] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitābus Nikāh, vol 3 p. 202-3

بَابُ الْقَسْمِ

(قَوْلُهُ وَيَسْقُطُ حَقُّهَا بِمَرَّةٍ) قَالَ فِي الْفَتْحِ: وَاعْلَمْ أَنَّ تَرْكَ جِمَاعِهَا مُطْلَقًا لَا يَحِلُّ لَهُ، صَرَّحَ أَصْحَابُنَا بِأَنَّ جِمَاعَهَا أَحْيَانًا وَاجِبٌ دِيَانَةً، لَكِنْ لَا يَدْخُلُ تَحْتَ الْقَضَاءِ وَالْإِلْزَامِ إلَّا الْوَطْأَةُ الْأُولَى وَلَمْ يُقَدِّرُوا فِيهِ مُدَّةً.

وَيَجِبُ أَنْ لَا يَبْلُغَ بِهِ مُدَّةَ الْإِيلَاءِ إلَّا بِرِضَاهَا وَطِيبِ نَفْسِهَا بِهِ. اهـ. قَالَ فِي النَّهْرِ: فِي هَذَا الْكَلَامِ تَصْرِيحٌ بِأَنَّ الْجِمَاعَ بَعْدَ الْمَرَّةِ حَقُّهُ لَا حَقُّهَا اهـ. قُلْت: فِيهِ نَظَرٌ بَلْ هُوَ حَقُّهُ وَحَقُّهَا أَيْضًا، لِمَا عَلِمْت مِنْ أَنَّهُ وَاجِبٌ دِيَانَةً. قَالَ فِي الْبَحْرِ: وَحَيْثُ عُلِمَ أَنَّ الْوَطْءَ لَا يَدْخُلُ تَحْتَ الْقَسْمِ فَهَلْ هُوَ وَاجِبٌ لِلزَّوْجَةِ وَفِي الْبَدَائِعِ: لَهَا أَنْ تُطَالِبَهُ بِالْوَطْءِ لِأَنَّ حِلَّهُ لَهَا حَقُّهَا، كَمَا أَنَّ حِلَّهَا لَهُ حَقُّهُ، وَإِذَا طَالَبَتْهُ يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ وَيُجْبَرُ عَلَيْهِ فِي الْحُكْمِ مَرَّةً وَالزِّيَادَةُ تَجِبُ دِيَانَةً لَا فِي الْحُكْمِ عِنْدَ بَعْضِ أَصْحَابِنَا وَعِنْدَ بَعْضِهِمْ تَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ فِي الْحُكْمِ. وَبِهِ عُلِمَ أَنَّهُ كَانَ عَلَى الشَّارِحِ أَنْ يَقُولَ وَيَسْقُطُ حَقُّهَا بِمَرَّةٍ فِي الْقَضَاءِ أَيْ لِأَنَّهُ لَوْ لَمْ يُصِبْهَا مَرَّةً يُؤَجِّلُهُ الْقَاضِي سَنَةً ثُمَّ يَفْسَخُ الْعَقْدَ. أَمَّا لَوْ أَصَابَهَا مَرَّةً وَاحِدَةً لَمْ يَتَعَرَّضْ لَهُ لِأَنَّهُ عَلِمَ أَنَّهُ غَيْرُ عِنِّينٍ وَقْتَ الْعَقْدِ، بَلْ يَأْمُرُهُ بِالزِّيَادَةِ أَحْيَانًا لِوُجُوبِهَا عَلَيْهِ إلَّا لِعُذْرٍ وَمَرَضٍ أَوْ عُنَّةٍ عَارِضَةٍ أَوْ نَحْوِ ذَلِكَ وَسَيَأْتِي فِي بَابِ الظِّهَارِ أَنَّ عَلَى الْقَاضِي إلْزَامَ الْمُظَاهِرِ بِالتَّكْفِيرِ دَفْعًا لِلضَّرَرِ عَنْهَا بِحَبْسٍ أَوْ ضَرْبٍ إلَى أَنْ يُكَفِّرَ أَوْ يُطَلِّقَ وَهَذَا رُبَّمَا يُؤَيِّدُ الْقَوْلَ الْمَارَّ بِأَنَّهُ تَجِبُ الزِّيَادَةُ عَلَيْهِ فِي الْحُكْمِ فَتَأَمَّلْ

 

Also see Maulana Abdus Samad Rahmani, faskh wa Tafreeq, p. 108

 

[7] Khalid Sayfullah Rahmani, Jadeed Fiqhi Masail, Marriage Dissolution due to impotency vol 3, p. 163-172