Author: jknfatawa1
A Musāfir Imām Leading Four Rakats Instead of Two
9th February 2020
السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته
Question: If a Musāfir (traveller) leads the Muqeem congregation Salāh of four rakats, then is the Salāh of the congregation valid or do they need to repeat their Salāh?
الجواب حامداً و مصلياً
In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
Answer
In reference to your query, it is correct for a Musāfir to lead the Muqeem in congregation provided he reads two rakats. [1] As a general rule, the Fardh Salāh of a Musāfir changes from four to two rakats and to read two rakats instead of four is compulsory.[2] If a Musāfir Imām lead four rakats instead of two then the Salāh of the congregation will not be valid. This is because the last two rakats of the Imām become nafl for him whilst for the congregation it is still fardh.[3] Principally, it is incorrect for the congregation of fardh to pray behind an Imām who prays nafil.[4] The congregation must therefore, repeat their Salāh.
[Allāh Knows Best]
Written by: Maulana Anas Mullah Reviewed by: Mufti Abdul Waheed
Attested by: Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam
JKN Fatawa Department
[1] Fatawa Hindiyyah, vol 1, p185
وَيَصِحُّ اقْتِدَاءُ الْمُقِيمِ بِالْمُسَافِرِ فِي الْوَقْتِ وَخَارِجَ الْوَقْتِ وَكَذَا اقْتِدَاءُ الْمُسَافِرِ بِالْمُقِيمِ فِي الْوَقْتِ لَا خَارِجَ الْوَقْتِ الْمُقِيمُ إذَا صَلَّى رَكْعَتَيْنِ مِنْ الْعَصْرِ فَغَرَبَتْ الشَّمْسُ فَجَاءَ مُسَافِرٌ وَاقْتَدَى بِهِ هَذَا الْعَصْرَ لَا يَصِحُّ اقْتِدَاؤُهُ
[2] Fatawa Hindiyya, vol 1, p139
وَفَرْضُ الْمُسَافِرِ فِي الرُّبَاعِيَّةِ رَكْعَتَانِ، كَذَا فِي الْهِدَايَةِ، وَالْقَصْرُ وَاجِبٌ عِنْدَنَا، كَذَا فِي الْخُلَاصَةِ فَإِنْ صَلَّى أَرْبَعًا وَقَعَدَ فِي الثَّانِيَةِ قَدْرَ التَّشَهُّدِ أَجْزَأَتْهُ وَالْأُخْرَيَانِ نَافِلَةٌ وَيَصِيرُ مُسِيئًا لِتَأْخِيرِ السَّلَامِ وَإِنْ لَمْ يَقْعُدْ فِي الثَّانِيَةِ قَدْرَهَا بَطَلَتْ، كَذَا فِي الْهِدَايَةِ
[3] Ibn Abideen Shami, vol 1, p579
( لَا (مُفْتَرِضٍ بِمُتَنَفِّلٍ وَبِمُفْتَرِضٍ فَرْضًا آخَرَ) لِأَنَّ اتِّحَادَ الصَّلَاتَيْنِ شَرْطٌ عِنْدَنَا. وَصَحَّ «أَنَّ مُعَاذًا كَانَ يُصَلِّي مَعَ النَّبِيِّ
[4] Ibn Nujaym, Al Bahr al Raa’iq, vol 1, p383
وَأَشَارَ بِمَنْعِ اقْتِدَاءِ الْمُفْتَرِضِ بِالْمُتَنَفِّلِ إلَى مَنْعِ اقْتِدَاءِ النَّاذِرِ بِالنَّاذِرِ؛ لِأَنَّ صَلَاةَ الْإِمَامِ نَفْلٌ بِالنِّسْبَةِ إلَى الْمُقْتَدِي؛ لِأَنَّ الْتِزَامَهُ إنَّمَا يَظْهَرُ عَلَيْهِ فَقَطْ إلَّا إذَا نَذَرَ أَحَدُهُمَا عَيْنَ مَا نَذَرَهُ الْآخَرُ فَاقْتَدَى أَحَدُهُمَا بِالْآخَرِ فَإِنَّهُ يَجُوزُ لِلِاتِّحَادِ وَإِلَى أَنَّهُ لَوْ أَفْسَدَ كُلٌّ مِنْهُمَا التَّطَوُّعَ ثُمَّ اقْتَدَى أَحَدُهُمَا بِالْآخَرِ فِي قَضَائِهِ فَإِنَّهُ لَا يَجُوزُ لِمَا ذَكَرْنَاهُ لِلِاخْتِلَافِ
Purchasing a Shop for Investment before it is Constructed
9th February 2020
السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته
Question: There is a shopping mall which is halfway through being built. The foundation of the construction is built however it’s all concrete and steel work yet. This mall is going to have around 600 individual shops inside and each “shop” is being sold separately to anyone interested. My question is, am I allowed to buy one of these shops, (as a means of investment, where I will be able to receive monthly rent from) even though the building is not complete yet?
الجواب حامداً و مصلياً
In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
Answer
Amongst the conditions for a sale to be valid is the existence of the commodity during the exchange of the product and money. An item that is non-existent during the transaction is known as ma’doom and to trade in a ma’doom commodity renders the transaction as invalid.[1] Jurists, however, have exempted the sale of Istisna’ which means trading in such a commodity that one has requested to be manufactured or built with specific details according to their needs. This form of transaction has been validated by the consensus of jurists due to the customary practice of people so as not to burden them.[2]
With specific reference to your case, Islamically it will only fall under the sale of Istisna’ if it is built according to your specific requirements given that it is to fulfil your needs.[3] If this is not the case nor do you have any say in how the shop should be built but instead, the company builds it according to their standards then it falls under the sale of a non-existing item which suggests that it will not be permissible for you to purchase.
[Allãh Knows Best]
Written and Researched by (Mufti) Abdul Waheed
Answer Attested by Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam
JKN Fatawa Department
[1] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitābus Salāh, Bāb Shurootus Salāh, vol 4 p. 505
[كِتَابُ الْبُيُوعِ]
وَشَرْطُ مَكَانِهِ وَاحِدٌ، وَهُوَ اتِّحَادُ الْمَجْلِسِ. وَشَرْطُ الْمَعْقُودِ عَلَيْهِ سِتَّةٌ: كَوْنُهُ مَوْجُودًا مَالًا مُتَقَوِّمًا مَمْلُوكًا فِي نَفْسِهِ، وَكَوْنُ الْمِلْكِ لِلْبَائِعِ فِيمَا يَبِيعُهُ لِنَفْسِهِ، وَكَوْنُهُ مَقْدُورَ التَّسْلِيمِ فَلَمْ يَنْعَقِدْ بَيْعُ الْمَعْدُومِ وَمَا لَهُ خَطَرُ الْعَدَمِ كَالْحَمْلِ وَاللَّبَنِ فِي الضَّرْعِ وَالثَّمَرِ قَبْلَ ظُهُورِهِ وَهَذَا الْعَبْدُ فَإِذَا هُوَ جَارِيَةٌ،
Kasān, Badā’i Sanāi, Kitāb al-Buyoo, vol 6 p. 542
[فَصْلٌ فِي الشَّرْط الَّذِي يَرْجِعُ إلَى الْمَعْقُودِ عَلَيْهِ]
وَأَمَّا الَّذِي يَرْجِعُ إلَى الْمَعْقُودِ عَلَيْهِ فَأَنْوَاعٌ (مِنْهَا) : أَنْ يَكُونَ مَوْجُودًا فَلَا يَنْعَقِدُ بَيْعُ الْمَعْدُومِ، وَمَالَهُ خَطَرُ الْعَدَمِ كَبَيْعِ نِتَاجِ النِّتَاجِ بِأَنْ قَالَ: بِعْتُ وَلَدَ وَلَدِ هَذِهِ النَّاقَةِ وَكَذَا بَيْعُ الْحَمْلِ؛ لِأَنَّهُ إنْ بَاعَ الْوَلَدَ فَهُوَ بَيْعُ الْمَعْدُومِ، وَإِنْ بَاعَ الْحَمْلَ فَلَهُ خَطَرُ الْمَعْدُومِ، وَكَذَا بَيْعُ اللَّبَنِ فِي الضَّرْعِ؛ لِأَنَّهُ لَهُ خَطَرٌ لِاحْتِمَالِ انْتِفَاخِ الضَّرْعِ
[2] Kasān, Badā’i Sanāi, Kitāb al-Buyoo, vol 7 p. 135
[فَصْلٌ فِي الشَّرْط الَّذِي يَرْجِعُ إلَى الْمُسْلَمِ]
الْكَلَامُ فِي الِاسْتِصْنَاعِ فِي مَوَاضِعَ: فِي بَيَانِ جَوَازِهِ أَنَّهُ جَائِزٌ أَمْ لَا؟ وَفِي بَيَانِ شَرَائِطِ جَوَازِهِ، وَفِي بَيَانِ كَيْفِيَّةِ جَوَازِهِ، وَفِي بَيَانِ حُكْمِهِ. (أَمَّا) الْأَوَّلُ: فَالْقِيَاسُ يَأْبَى جَوَازَ الِاسْتِصْنَاعِ؛ لِأَنَّهُ بَيْعُ الْمَعْدُومِ كَالسَّلَمِ بَلْ هُوَ أَبْعَدُ جَوَازًا مِنْ السَّلَمِ؛ لِأَنَّ الْمُسْلَمَ فِيهِ تَحْتَمِلُهُ الذِّمَّةُ؛ لِأَنَّهُ دَيْنٌ حَقِيقَةً، وَالْمُسْتَصْنَعُ عَيْنٌ تُوجَدُ فِي الثَّانِي، وَالْأَعْيَانُ لَا تَحْتَمِلُهَا الذِّمَّةُ فَكَانَ جَوَازُ هَذَا الْعَقْدِ أَبْعَدَ عَنْ الْقِيَاسِ عَنْ السَّلَمِ وَفِي الِاسْتِحْسَانِ جَازَ؛ لِأَنَّ النَّاسَ تَعَامَلُوهُ فِي سَائِرِ الْأَعْصَارِ مِنْ غَيْرِ نَكِيرٍ فَكَانَ إجْمَاعًا مِنْهُمْ عَلَى الْجَوَازِ فَيُتْرَكُ الْقِيَاسُ، ثُمَّ هُوَ بَيْعٌ عِنْدَ عَامَّةِ مَشَايِخِنَا، وَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ: هُوَ عِدَّةٌ وَلَيْسَ بِسَدِيدٍ؛ لِأَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا ذَكَرَ الْقِيَاسَ وَالِاسْتِحْسَانَ فِي جَوَازِهِ، وَذِكْرُ الْقِيَاسِ وَالِاسْتِحْسَانِ لَا يَلِيقُ بِالْعِدَّاتِ، وَكَذَا ثَبَتَ خِيَارُ الرُّؤْيَةِ لِلْمُسْتَصْنِعِ وَإِنَّهُ مِنْ خَصَائِصِ الْبُيُوعِ، وَكَذَا مِنْ شَرْطِ جَوَازِهِ أَنْ يَكُونَ فِيمَا لِلنَّاسِ فِيهِ تَعَامُلٌ، وَالْعِدَّاتُ لَا يَتَقَيَّدُ جَوَازُهَا بِهَذِهِ الشَّرَائِطِ فَدَلَّ أَنَّ جَوَازَهُ جَوَازُ الْبِيَاعَاتِ لَا جَوَازُ الْعِدَّاتِ، وَاَللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى أَعْلَمُ.
Kasān, Badā’i Sanāi, Kitāb al-Istisna’, vol 6 p. 85
وَأَمَّا جَوَازُهُ، فَالْقِيَاسُ: أَنْ لَا يَجُوزَ؛ لِأَنَّهُ بَيْعُ مَا لَيْسَ عِنْدَ الْإِنْسَانِ، لَا عَلَى وَجْهِ السَّلَمِ، وَقَدْ نَهَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ – عَنْ بَيْعِ مَا لَيْسَ عِنْدَ الْإِنْسَانِ، وَرَخَّصَ فِي السَّلَمِ، وَيَجُوزُ اسْتِحْسَانًا؛ لِإِجْمَاعِ النَّاسِ عَلَى ذَلِكَ؛ لِأَنَّهُمْ يَعْمَلُونَ ذَلِكَ فِي سَائِرِ الْأَعْصَارِ مِنْ غَيْرِ نُكْرٍ، وَقَدْ قَالَ – عَلَيْهِ الصَّلَاةُ وَالسَّلَامُ -: «لَا تَجْتَمِعُ أُمَّتِي عَلَى ضَلَالَةٍ» وَقَالَ – عَلَيْهِ الصَّلَاةُ وَالسَّلَامُ -: «مَا رَآهُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ حَسَنًا؛ فَهُوَ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ حَسَنٌ، وَمَا رَآهُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ قَبِيحًا؛ فَهُوَ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ قَبِيحٌ» وَالْقِيَاسُ يُتْرَكُ بِالْإِجْمَاعِ،
[3] See Shaykh Mufti Taqi Usmani, Fiqhul Buyoo vol 1 p. 604-5
Sterilization due to Health Problems
9th February 2020
السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته
Question: Just a question that is sterilization allowed for someone who has health issues? I have kidney stones and also gallbladder stones. I’m waiting for surgery and have tried all the temporary contraception which has given me really bad side effects and I cannot tolerate them anymore.
Alhamdulillah, I have four kids but now I will struggle if I have anymore because of my health so was thinking of going for the permanent treatment of sterilization but not sure if I’m allowed. Please advise me on this matter.
الجواب حامداً و مصلياً
In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
Answer
In reference to your query, if you are due for a medical surgery to remove your kidney and gallbladder stones then opting for sterilisation is not permissible. Islamically, it is permissible to undergo an operation to remove a harmful substance from your body such as kidney and gallbladder stones.[1] If it is due to the general struggle because of having four children then sterilization will still not be permissible. Sterilisation is the process of blocking or cutting the fallopian tube so to permanently stop the possibility of conceiving a child in the future. This is considered amongst the irreversible forms of contraception that is tantamount to castration as in, to permanently inhibit the possibility of producing children in the future. This is prohibited due to a few reasons. Firstly, it is reported that the Messenger of Allāh sallallahu alayhi wasallam prevented Sayyidunā Uthmān ibn Maz’oon radhiyallahu anhu from refraining from marriage. Then Sayyidunā Uthmān radhiyallahu anhu states that had the Messenger of Allāh sallallahu alayhi wasallam permitted us then we would have castrated ourselves.[2] The statement ‘we would have castrated ourselves’ was either an exaggerated statement knowing that it was prohibited but would have inevitably led him of castrating himself regardless,[3] or the statement implied that he assumed castration was permitted until on another occasion the Messenger of Allāh sallallahu alayhi wasallam prohibited it upon enquiring of its ruling.[4] Secondly, amongst the natural creation of women is to conceive children and to permanently inhibit pregnancy is a form of altering Almighty Allāh’s natural creation.[5] Lastly, preservation of progeny is amongst the five essentials of our religion[6] and sterilisation, (be it for a male or a female) violates this important essential. Based on these reasons, the Hanafi jurists ruled castration or sterilization as prohibited.[7]
As a general rule to note, the prohibition of male-castration equally applies to female sterilisation due to the same underlying reasons. The only time where scholars have allowed female sterilization is if the woman’s life is at risk which is proven to be near certain and advised by reliable doctors (preferably Muslim).[8] This is because after religion, preserving one’s life takes priority over other essentials including progeny. Your case however is not the matter of life and death but rather general struggle which is not uncommon for many parents. It is advisable that you use those forms of temporary contraception that is suited to your well-being after consulting a reliable doctor.
[Allãh Knows Best]
Written and researched by (Mufti) Abdul Waheed
Answer Attested by Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam
JKN Fatawa Department
[1] Fatawa Hindiyyah, Kitāb al-Karāhiyyat, Bāb al-Jarahat Bani Adam, vol 5, p. 440
لَا بَأْسَ بِقَطْعِ الْعُضْوِ إنْ وَقَعَتْ فِيهِ الْآكِلَةُ لِئَلَّا تَسْرِيَ كَذَا فِي السِّرَاجِيَّةِ
لَا بَأْسَ بِقَطْعِ الْيَدِ مِنْ الْآكِلَةِ وَشَقِّ الْبَطْنِ لِمَا فِيهِ كَذَا فِي الْمُلْتَقَطِ.
وَلَا بَأْسَ بِشَقِّ الْمَثَانَةِ إذَا كَانَتْ فِيهَا حَصَاةٌ وَفِي الْكَيْسَانِيَّاتِ فِي الْجِرَاحَاتِ الْمَخُوفَةِ وَالْقُرُوحِ الْعَظِيمَةِ وَالْحَصَاةِ الْوَاقِعَةِ فِي الْمَثَانَةِ وَنَحْوِهَا إنْ قِيلَ قَدْ يَنْجُو وَقَدْ يَمُوتُ أَوْ يَنْجُو وَلَا يَمُوتُ يُعَالَجُ وَإِنْ قِيلَ لَا يَنْجُو أَصْلًا لَا يُدَاوَى بَلْ يُتْرَكُ كَذَا فِي الظَّهِيرِيَّةِ.
[2] Bukhari, No: 5073
بَابُ مَا يُكْرَهُ مِنَ التَّبَتُّلِ وَالخِصَاءِ
وَعَنْ سَعْدِ بْنِ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ قَالَ: رَدَّ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عَلَى عُثْمَان ابْن مَظْعُونٍ التَّبَتُّلَ وَلَوْ أَذِنَ لَهُ لَاخْتَصَيْنَا
[3] Mirqat sharhu Mishkat vol 5, p. 2042 – Shamila
(لَاخْتَصَيْنَا) أَيْ: لَجَعَلَ كُلٌّ مِنَّا نَفْسَهُ خَصِيًّا كَيْلَا يَحْتَاجَ إِلَى النِّسَاءِ. قَالَ الطِّيبِيُّ: ” كَانَ مِنْ حَقِّ الظَّاهِرِ أَنْ يُقَالَ: لَوْ أَذِنَ لَتَبَتَّلْنَا، فَعَدَلَ إِلَى قَوْلِهِ: اخْتَصَيْنَا إِرَادَةً لِلْمُبَالَغَةِ أَيْ: لَوْ أَذِنَ لَبَالَغْنَا فِي التَّبَتُّلِ حَتَّى بِالِاخْتِصَاءِ، وَلَمْ يُرِدْ بِهِ حَقِيقَةً لِأَنَّهُ غَيْرُ جَائِزٍ. قَالَ النَّوَوِيُّ – رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ -: ” كَانَ ذَلِكَ ظَنًّا مِنْهُمْ جَوَازُ الِاخْتِصَاءِ، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ هَذَا الظَّنُّ مُوَافِقًا فَإِنَّ الِاخْتِصَاءَ فِي الْآدَمِيِّ حَرَامٌ صَغِيرًا أَوْ كَبِيرًا، وَكَذَا يَحْرُمُ خِصَاءُ كُلِّ حَيَوَانٍ لَا يُؤْكَلُ، وَأَمَّا الْمَأْكُولُ فَيَجُوزُ فِي صِغَرِهِ وَيَحْرُمُ فِي كِبَرِهِ
Ibn Hajar, Fathul Bari, vol 9, p.118 – Shamila
وَقَالَ الطِّيبِيُّ قَولُهُ وَلَوْ أَذِنَ لَهُ لَاخْتَصَيْنَا كَانَ الظَّاهِرُ أَنْ يَقُولَ وَلَوْ أَذِنَ لَهُ لَتَبَتَّلْنَا لَكِنَّهُ عَدَلَ عَنْ هَذَا الظَّاهِرِ إِلَى قَولِهِ لَاخْتَصَيْنَا لِإِرَادَةِ الْمُبَالَغَةِ أَيْ لَبَالَغْنَا فِي التَّبَتُّلِ حَتَّى يُفْضِيَ بِنَا الْأَمْرُ إِلَى الِاخْتِصَاءِ وَلَمْ يُرِدْ بِهِ حَقِيقَةَ الِاخْتِصَاءِ لِأَنَّهُ حَرَامٌ
[4] Al-Ayni, commentary Bukhari vol 20, p. 72 – Shamila
لَو أذن فِي الِانْقِطَاع عَن النِّسَاء وغيرهن من ملاذ الدُّنْيَا لاختصينا لدفع شَهْوَة النِّسَاء لتمكننا من التبتل، قَالَ: وَهَذَا مَحْمُول على أَنهم كَانُوا يظنون جَوَاز الاختصاء باجتهادهم وَلم يكن ظنهم هَذَا مُوَافقا، فَإِن الاختصاء فِي الْآدَمِيّ حرَام مُطلقًا. وَقَالَ شَيخنَا زين الدّين، رَحمَه الله: وَفِي كل من جوابي الْقُرْطُبِيّ وَالنَّوَوِيّ نظر، بل الْجَواب الصَّحِيح أَنه: لَو وَقع إِذن من النَّبِي صلى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسلم فِيمَا سَأَلَهُ عَنهُ عُثْمَان بن مَظْعُون من التبتل لجَاز لَهُم الاختصاء، لِأَن اسْتِئْذَان عُثْمَان فِي التبتل كَانَت صورته استئذانا فِي الاختصاء كَمَا هُوَ مُبين فِي حَدِيث عَائِشَة بنت قدامَة بن مَظْعُون عَن أَبِيهَا عَن أَخِيه عُثْمَان بن مَظْعُون، أَنه قَالَ: يَا رَسُول الله {إِنَّه ليشق علينا الْعزبَة فِي الْمَغَازِي، أفتأذن لي يَا رَسُول الله فِي الخصاء فأختصى؟ فَقَالَ رَسُول الله صلى الله عَلَيْهِ وَسلم: (لَا وَلَكِن عَلَيْك يَا ابْن مَظْعُون بالصيام فَإِنَّهُ مجفر)
[5] Sarakhsi, al-Mabsoot, vol 15 p. 150
[بَابُ إجَارَةِ الدُّورِ وَالْبُيُوتِ]
خِصَاءُ بَنِي آدَمَ فَذَلِكَ مَنْهِيٌّ عَنْهُ وَهُوَ مِنْ جُمْلَةِ مَا يَأْمُرُ بِهِ الشَّيْطَانُ قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى {وَلَآمُرَنَّهُمْ فَلَيُغَيِّرُنَّ خَلْقَ اللَّهِ}
Shaykh Khalid Sayfullah Rahmani, Kitab al-Fatawa, vol 6, p. 230
[6] The five essentials are preservation of religion, life, intellect, progeny and wealth.
[7] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb al-Karāhiyyah, Bāb Istibra, vol 9 p. 558
(وَ) جَازَ (خِصَاءُ الْبَهَائِمِ) حَتَّى الْهِرَّةِ، وَأَمَّا خِصَاءُ الْآدَمِيِّ فَحَرَامٌ قِيلَ وَالْفَرَسِ وَقَيَّدُوهُ بِالْمَنْفَعَةِ وَإِلَّا فَحَرَامٌ
(قَوْلُهُ وَقَيَّدُوهُ) أَيْ جَوَازُ خِصَاءِ الْبَهَائِمِ بِالْمَنْفَعَةِ وَهِيَ إرَادَةُ سِمَنِهَا أَوْ مَنْعُهَا عَنْ الْعَضِّ بِخِلَافِ بَنِي آدَمَ فَإِنَّهُ يُرَادُ بِهِ الْمَعَاصِي فَيَحْرُمُ أَفَادَهُ الأتقاني عَنْ الطَّحَاوِيِّ.
Fatawa Hindiyyah, Kitāb al-Karāhiyyah, vol 5, p. 436
[الْبَاب التَّاسِع عَشْر فِي الْخِتَان وَالْخِصَاء وَحَلَقَ الْمَرْأَة شَعَرهَا ووصلها شعر غَيْرهَا]
خِصَاءُ بَنِي آدَمَ حَرَامٌ بِالِاتِّفَاقِ وَأَمَّا خِصَاءُ الْفَرَسِ فَقَدْ ذَكَرَ شَمْسُ الْأَئِمَّةِ الْحَلْوَانِيُّ فِي شَرْحِهِ أَنَّهُ لَا بَأْسَ بِهِ عِنْدَ أَصْحَابِنَا وَذَكَرَ شَيْخُ الْإِسْلَامِ فِي شَرْحِهِ أَنَّهُ حَرَامٌ
[8] Shaykh Khalid Sayfullah Rahmani, Kitab al-Fatawa, vol 6, p. 236, Mufti Ismail Kacholwi, Fatawa Deeniyya, vol 5, p. 249, Fatawa Mahmoodiyyah, vol 18, p. 291
Is Accepting an egg Donation allowed in Islām or not?
23rd January 2020
السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته
Question: I am a 38 year old woman and been married for two years but not been able to conceive in that time. After undergoing medical investigations/treatment, doctors have advised me that I am not able to conceive due to a lack of eggs and that the only option would be egg donation, which would be from Spain. My query is, is egg donation allowed under any circumstances in Islam?
الجواب حامداً و مصلياً
In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
Answer
In reference to your query, Islām is very strict concerning procuring a third-party’s semen or an egg for childbirth. As a point of principle, it is only the husband who has the right to inseminate his wife’s egg and similarly, the wife to receive her husband’s semen to fertilise her egg. This is so to prevent a third-party’s semen (or an egg) from mixing with the couple’s egg or semen. [1] There is a prophetic narration wherein the Messenger of Allāh sallallahu alayhi wasallam said, “It is not permissible for a man who believes in Allāh and the last day to irrigate his water (inseminate) in tillage other than his own.”[2] Although this statement was made in a particular context, its application is generic which means that it is not permissible for the husband to implant his semen into another woman’s egg other than his wife’s egg. Implanting his semen in an anonymous egg received from Spain falls under this remit of prohibition as he is irrigating his semen in an egg other than his own wife’s egg. Therefore, it is not permissible to receive an egg donation to conceive a child.
As a recommendation, as Muslims, we must ultimately place our trust in Allāh Almighty and continue supplicating to Him as He is the One who bestows His creation with children. Nothing falls outside of His control and power. I would recommend the following Dua to you.
رَبِّ هَبْ لِي مِنْ لَدُنْكَ ذُرِّيَّةً طَيِّبَةً إِنَّكَ سَمِيعُ الدُّعَاءِ
Trans: O My Lord! Bestow upon me pure offsprings (children) from you. Verily You are the All-Hearer of supplication. (3:38)
[Allãh Knows Best]
Written and researched by (Mufti) Abdul Waheed
Answer Attested by Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam
JKN Fatawa Department
[1] Sarakhsi, al-Mabsoot, vol 13 p. 146
[بَاب الِاسْتِبْرَاءِ]
وَالْحِكْمَةُ فِي ذَلِكَ تَعَرُّفُ بَرَاءَةِ الرَّحِمِ وَصِيَانَةُ مَاءِ نَفْسِهِ عَنْ الْخَلْطِ بِمَاءِ غَيْرِهِ وَالتَّحَرُّزُ عَنْ أَنْ يَصِيرَ مَاؤُهُ سَاقِيًا زَرْعَ غَيْرِهِ وَلَكِنَّ الْحُكْمَ يَثْبُتُ بِثُبُوتِ عِلَّتِهِ
Kasān, Badā’i Sanāi, Kitāb al-Istihsan, vol 5 p. 120
[كِتَابُ الِاسْتِحْسَانِ]
وَالْأَصْلُ فِيهِ مَا رُوِيَ عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ – أَنَّهُ «قَالَ فِي سَبَايَا أَوْطَاسٍ أَلَا لَا تُوطَأُ الْحَبَالَى حَتَّى يَضَعْنَ وَلَا الْحَيَالَى حَتَّى يُسْتَبْرَأْنَ بِحَيْضَةٍ» وَلِأَنَّ فِيهِ خَوْفَ اخْتِلَاطِ الْمِيَاهِ وَقَدْ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ – «مَنْ كَانَ يُؤْمِنُ بِاَللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ فَلَا يَسْقِيَنَّ مَاءَهُ زَرْعَ غَيْرِهِ» وَكَذَا فِيهِ وَهُمْ ظُهُورُ الْحَبَلِ بِهَا فَيَدَّعِيه وَيَسْتَحِقُّهَا فَيَتَبَيَّنُ أَنَّهُ يَسْتَمْتِعُ بِمِلْكِ الْغَيْرِ.
[2] Abu Dawood, No: 2158
بَابٌ فِي وَطْءِ السَّبَايَا
حَدَّثَنَا النُّفَيْلِيُّ، حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ سَلَمَةَ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ إِسْحَاقَ، حَدَّثَنِي يَزِيدُ بْنُ أَبِي حَبِيبٍ، عَنْ أَبِي مَرْزُوقٍ، عَنْ حَنَشٍ الصَّنْعَانِيِّ، عَنْ رُوَيْفِعِ بْنِ ثَابِتٍ الْأَنْصَارِيِّ، قَالَ: قَامَ فِينَا خَطِيبًا، قَالَ: أَمَا إِنِّي لَا أَقُولُ لَكُمْ إِلَّا مَا سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَقُولُ: يَوْمَ حُنَيْنٍ، قَالَ: «لَا يَحِلُّ لِامْرِئٍ يُؤْمِنُ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ أَنْ يَسْقِيَ مَاءَهُ زَرْعَ غَيْرِهِ» – يَعْنِي: إِتْيَانَ الْحَبَالَى – «وَلَا يَحِلُّ لِامْرِئٍ يُؤْمِنُ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ أَنْ يَقَعَ عَلَى امْرَأَةٍ مِنَ السَّبْيِ حَتَّى يَسْتَبْرِئَهَا، وَلَا يَحِلُّ لِامْرِئٍ يُؤْمِنُ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ أَنْ يَبِيعَ مَغْنَمًا حَتَّى يُقْسَمَ».
Ibn Battal’s commentary of Saheeh al-Bukhari, vol 6 p. 358
بَاب هَلْ يُسَافِرُ بِالْجَارِيَةِ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَسْتَبْرِئَهَا
ومعلوم أن من سنته أن الحائل لا توطأ حتى تحيض حيضة؛ خشية أن تكون حاملاً، وأن الحامل لا توطأ حتى تضع؛ لئلا يسقى ماءه زرع غيره، فلما كان الاستبراء أمانة ارتفعت فيه الحكومة، وفى هذا حجة لمن لم يوجب المواضعة على البائع، وهو قول جماعة فقهاء الأمصار غير ربيعة ومالك بن أنس، فإنهما أوجبا المواضعة فى الجوارى المرتفعات المتخذات للوطء خاصة،
Categories of a Shaheed
6th January 2020
السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته
Question: This word Shaheed is used by people for every death resulting from an illness. I’m aware if one dies of stomach illness, plague, wall collapsing on them, drowning, killed unjustly, highway robbery went wrong, fighting against those in revolt against a Khalifah and as a result was killed etc will be called a proper Shaheed provided they did not talk excessively, slept, sold or bought, minor, insane, in their monthly illnesses, took medication and another salah has not entered and few more. If they did not do any of the above and died instantly then I’m aware they are Shaheed of the proper status. My question is, all those who died instantly after an impact, will they be buried without Ghusl or is Ghusl only not given to those who died the ultimate death i.e. in the battlefield?
الجواب حامداً و مصلياً
In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
Answer
In reference to your query, the Shaheed status consists of two elements; a) a Shaheed in the case of worldly matters i.e. not to give ghusl to the person and burying them in their original clothing etc, and b) a Shaheed in the case of the hereafter i.e. attaining the lofty ranks in paradise promised in multiple Ahadeeth but with the ritual burial .[1] With regards to a person martyred on the battlefield and dying as a result thereof instantly, he will be classed as a Shaheed in both aspects (worldly and in the hereafter). Contrarily, a person who dies due to a plague, stomach illness or by drowning etc, will receive the reward of a Shaheed in the hereafter and not in this world; meaning that they will be rewarded with the lofty positions and honours promised to the martyrs,[2] even though they will be treated as a normal deceased individual,[3] as in, they will be given ghusl and shrouded just like everyone else.[4]
[Allāh Knows Best]
Written by: Maulana Anas Mullah Reviewed by: Mufti Abdul Waheed
Attested by: Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam
JKN Fatawa Department
[1] Ibn Ābideen, Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitābul Salaat, Bāb Alshaheed, vol 2 p. 252
قَوْلُهُ فِي الشَّهِيدِ الْكَامِلِ) وَهُوَ شَهِيدُ الدُّنْيَا وَالْآخِرَةِ، وَشَهَادَةُ الدُّنْيَا بِعَدَمِ الْغُسْلِ إلَّا لِنَجَاسَةٍ أَصَابَتْهُ غَيْرَ دَمِهِ كَمَا فِي أَبِي السُّعُودِ، وَشَهَادَةُ الْآخِرَةِ بِنَيْلِ الثَّوَابِ الْمَوْعُودِ لِلشَّهِيدِ أَفَادَهُ فِي الْبَحْرِ ط وَالْمُرَادُ بِشَهِيدِ الْآخِرَةِ مَنْ قُتِلَ مَظْلُومًا أَوْ قَاتَلَ لِإِعْلَاءِ كَلِمَةِ اللَّهِ – تَعَالَى – حَتَّى قُتِلَ فَلَوْ قَاتَلَ لِغَرَضٍ دُنْيَوِيٍّ فَهُوَ شَهِيدُ دُنْيَا فَقَطْ تَجْرِي عَلَيْهِ أَحْكَامُ الشَّهِيدِ فِي الدُّنْيَا، وَعَلَيْهِ فَالشُّهَدَاءُ ثَلَاثَةٌ
[2] Ibn Ābideen, Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitābul Salaat, Bāb Alshaheed, vol 2 p. 248
وَقَيَّدَ بِالْقَتْلِ؛ لِأَنَّهُ لَوْ مَاتَ حَتْفَ أَنْفِهِ أَوْ بِتَرَدٍّ أَوْ حَرْقٍ أَوْ غَرَقٍ أَوْ هَدْمٍ لَمْ يَكُنْ شَهِيدًا فِي حُكْمِ الدُّنْيَا، وَإِنْ كَانَ شَهِيدًا فِي الْآخِرَةِ كَمَا سَيَأْتِي
[3] Fatawa Hindiyyah, Kitāb al-Salaat, Bāb al-Janaza, Fasl fi Shaheed vol 1, p. 169
وَالْأَصْلُ أَنَّ كُلَّ مَنْ صَارَ مَقْتُولًا فِي قِتَالِ ثَلَاثٍ أَهْلِ الْحَرْبِ أَوْ الْبُغَاةِ أَوْ قُطَّاعِ الطَّرِيقِ بِمَعْنَى مُضَافِ الْعَدُوِّ وَسَوَاءٌ كَانَ بِالْمُبَاشَرَةِ أَوْ التَّسْبِيبِ كَانَ شَهِيدًا وَكُلُّ مَنْ صَارَ مَقْتُولًا بِمَعْنًى غَيْرِ مُضَافٍ إلَى الْعَدُوِّ لَا يَكُونُ شَهِيدًا، كَذَا فِي الْمُحِيطِ.
[4] Ibn Nujaym, Bahr Rāiq, Kitāb al-Janaaiz, Bāb al-Shaheed, vol 2 p. 211
(قَوْلُهُ هُوَ مَنْ قَتَلَهُ أَهْلُ الْحَرْبِ أَوْ الْبَغْيِ أَوْ قُطَّاعُ الطَّرِيقِ أَوْ وُجِدَ فِي الْمَعْرَكَةِ وَبِهِ أَثَرٌ أَوْ قَتَلَهُ مُسْلِمٌ ظُلْمًا، وَلَمْ يَجِبْ بِقَتْلِهِ دِيَةٌ) بَيَانٌ لِشَرَائِطِهِ، قُيِّدَ بِكَوْنِهِ مَقْتُولًا؛ لِأَنَّهُ لَوْ مَاتَ حَتْفَ أَنْفِهِ أَوْ تَرَدَّى مِنْ مَوْضِعٍ أَوْ احْتَرَقَ بِالنَّارِ أَوْ مَاتَ تَحْتَ هَدْمٍ أَوْ غَرَقٍ لَا يَكُونُ شَهِيدًا أَيْ فِي حُكْمِ الدُّنْيَا وَإِلَّا فَقَدْ «شَهِدَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ – لِلْغَرِيقِ وَلِلْحَرِيقِ وَالْمَبْطُونِ وَالْغَرِيبِ بِأَنَّهُمْ شُهَدَاءُ» فَيَنَالُونَ ثَوَابَ الشُّهَدَاءِ كَذَا فِي الْبَدَائِعِ، وَفِي التَّجْنِيسِ رَجُلٌ قَصَدَ الْعَدُوَّ لِيَضْرِبَهُ فَأَخْطَأَ فَأَصَابَ نَفْسَهُ فَمَاتَ يُغَسَّلُ؛ لِأَنَّهُ مَا صَارَ مَقْتُولًا بِفِعْلٍ مُضَافٍ إلَى الْعَدُوِّ وَلَكِنَّهُ شَهِيدٌ فِيمَا يَنَالُ مِنْ الثَّوَابِ فِي الْآخِرَةِ؛ لِأَنَّهُ قَصَدَ الْعَدُوَّ لَا نَفْسَهُ اهـ.