jknfatawa1, Author at JKN Fatawa

Returning to Makkah after Travelling to the Miqāt

jknfatawa1 Hajj & Umrah, Homepage Featured Q&As 5 June 202410 June 2024

5^th June 2024

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته

Question: A person travelled this year to perform Umrah. After performing their umrah, if they go to the miqāt but don’t make the intention for umrah but for another reason and returns to haram without Ihrām, must they give dam?

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

Answer

In reference to the above question, if such an individual travels from Makkah to the miqāt point or crosses it and thereafter intends to return to Makkah, then they must be in the state of Ihrām otherwise a penalty of dam would be required. This is due to them entering Makkah without performing the sacred rights of Hajj or Umrah[1]. The concession for returning without Ihrām applies to those residing in the hill (the vicinity between haram and miqāt such as Jeddah or Tan’eem). So, if an individual travelled to any area within the hill vicinity, then returning with Ihrām won’t be necessary.[2] The fact that the person in question had crossed the hill and reached to the miqāt won’t be permitted to return without lhrām, otherwise a dam would be necessary.[3]

It is important to note that taxi drivers or those similar to them who frequently cross the boundaries (such as travelling between Makkah and Madinah) are exempted from the aforementioned ruling due to necessity.

[Allāh Knows Best]

Written by: Apa Gul-e-Maryam Reviewed by: Mufti Abdul Waheed

Attested by: Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

[1] Mabsoot Li Sarakhsi, Vol 4, Pg 167

فَأَمَّا عِنْدَنَا لَيْسَ لِأَحَدٍ يَنْتَهِي إلَى الْمِيقَاتِ إذَا أَرَادَ دُخُولَ مَكَّةَ أَنْ يُجَاوِزَهَا إلَّا بِالْإِحْرَامِ سَوَاءٌ كَانَ مِنْ قَصْدِهِ الْحَجُّ أَوْ الْقِتَالُ أَوْ التِّجَارَةُ لِحَدِيثِ ابْنِ شُرَيْحٍ الْخُزَاعِيُّ – رَضِيَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَنْهُ – «أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ – قَالَ فِي خُطْبَتِهِ يَوْمَ الْفَتْحِ إنَّ مَكَّةَ حَرَامٌ حَرَّمَهَا اللَّهُ تَعَالَى يَوْمَ خَلَقَ السَّمَوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ لَمْ تَحِلَّ لِأَحَدٍ قَبْلِي وَلَا لِأَحَدٍ بَعْدِي، وَإِنَّمَا أُحِلَّتْ لِي سَاعَةً مِنْ نَهَارٍ، ثُمَّ هِيَ حَرَامٌ إلَى يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ» فَقَدْ تَرَخَّصَ لِلْقِتَالِ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ -، فَقَالَ «إنَّمَا أُحِلَّتْ لِي سَاعَةً» فَلَا تَحِلُّ لِأَحَدٍ بَعْدَهُ فَيَتَبَيَّنُ بِهَذَا الْحَدِيثِ خُصُوصِيَّةُ النَّبِيِّ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ – بِدُخُولِ مَكَّةَ لِلْقِتَالِ بِغَيْرِ إحْرَامٍ، وَإِنَّمَا تَظْهَرُ الْخُصُوصِيَّةُ إذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ لِغَيْرِهِ أَنْ يَصْنَعَ كَصَنِيعِهِ. وَجَاءَ رَجُلٌ إلَى ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ – رَضِيَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَنْهُمَا -، فَقَالَ: إنِّي جَاوَزْتُ الْمِيقَاتَ مِنْ غَيْرِ إحْرَامٍ، فَقَالَ: ارْجِعْ إلَى الْمِيقَاتِ وَلَبِّ وَإِلَّا فَلَا حَجَّ لَكَ فَإِنِّي سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ – يَقُولُ: «لَا يُجَاوِزُ الْمِيقَاتَ أَحَدٌ إلَّا مُحْرِمًا» وَلِأَنَّ وُجُوبَ الْإِحْرَامِ عَلَى مَنْ يُرِيدُ الْحَجَّ وَالْعُمْرَةَ عِنْدَ دُخُولِ مَكَّةَ لِإِظْهَارِ شَرَفِ تِلْكَ الْبُقْعَةِ، وَفِي هَذَا الْمَعْنَى مَنْ يُرِيدُ النُّسُكَ وَمَنْ لَا يُرِيدُ النُّسُكَ سَوَاءٌ فَلَيْسَ لِأَحَدٍ مِمَّنْ يُرِيدُ دُخُولَ مَكَّةَ أَنْ يُجَاوِزَ الْمِيقَاتَ إلَّا مُحْرِمًا، فَأَمَّا مَنْ كَانَ وَرَاءَ الْمِيقَاتِ إلَى مَكَّةَ فَلَهُ أَنْ يَدْخُلَهَا لِحَاجَتِهِ بِغَيْرِ إحْرَامٍ عِنْدَنَا، وَفِي أَحَدِ قَوْلَيْ الشَّافِعِيِّ – رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى – لَيْسَ لَهُ ذَلِكَ فَإِنَّهُ لَا يُفَرِّقُ عَلَى أَحَدِ الْقَوْلَيْنِ

[2] Ibid, Pg 168

بَيْنَ أَهْلِ الْمِيقَاتِ وَأَهْلِ الْآفَاقِ فِي أَنَّهُ لَا يَدْخُلُ أَحَدٌ مِنْهُمْ مَكَّةَ إلَّا مُحْرِمًا، وَحُجَّتُنَا فِي ذَلِكَ حَدِيثُ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ – رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمَا – أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ – «رَخَّصَ لِلْحَطَّابِينَ أَنْ يَدْخُلُوا مَكَّةَ بِغَيْرِ إحْرَامٍ».

وَالظَّاهِرُ أَنَّهُمْ لَا يُجَاوِزُونَ الْمِيقَاتَ فَدَلَّ أَنَّ كُلَّ مَنْ كَانَ دَاخِلَ الْمِيقَاتِ لَهُ أَنْ يَدْخُلَ مَكَّةَ بِغَيْرِ إحْرَامٍ وَابْنُ عُمَرَ – رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ – خَرَجَ مِنْ مَكَّةَ يُرِيدُ الْمَدِينَةَ فَلَمَّا انْتَهَى إلَى قُدَيْدٍ بَلَغَتْهُ فِتْنَةٌ بِالْمَدِينَةِ فَرَجَعَ إلَى مَكَّةَ وَدَخَلَهَا بِغَيْرِ إحْرَامٍ وَكَانَ الْمَعْنَى فِيهِ أَنَّ مَنْ كَانَ دَاخِلَ الْمِيقَاتِ فَهُوَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ أَهْلِ مَكَّةَ؛ لِأَنَّهُ مُحْتَاجٌ إلَى الدُّخُولِ فِي كُلِّ وَقْتٍ، وَلِأَنَّ مَصَالِحَهُمْ مُتَعَلِّقَةٌ بِأَهْلِ مَكَّةَ وَمَصَالِحَ أَهْلِ مَكَّةَ مُتَعَلِّقَةٌ بِهِمْ بِهِمْ فَكَمَا يَجُوزُ لِأَهْلِ مَكَّةَ أَنْ يَخْرُجُوا لِحَوَائِجِهِمْ، ثُمَّ يَدْخُلُوهَا بِغَيْرِ إحْرَامٍ فَكَذَا لِأَهْلِ الْمِيقَاتِ، وَهَذَا لِأَنَّا لَوْ أَلْزَمْنَاهُمْ الْإِحْرَامَ فِي كُلِّ وَقْتٍ كَانَ عَلَيْهِمْ مِنْ الضَّرَرِ مَا لَا يَخْفَى فَرُبَّمَا يَحْتَاجُونَ إلَيْهِ فِي كُلِّ يَوْمٍ فَلِهَذَا جَوَّزْنَا لَهُمْ الدُّخُولَ بِغَيْرِ إحْرَامٍ إلَّا إذَا أَرَادُوا النُّسُكَ فَالنُّسُكُ لَا يَتَأَدَّى إلَّا بِإِحْرَامٍ، وَإِرَادَةُ النُّسُكِ لَا تَكُونُ عِنْدَ كُلِّ دُخُولٍ، وَإِذَا أَرَادَ الْإِحْرَامَ وَأَهْلُهُ فِي الْوَقْتِ أَوْ دُونَ الْوَقْتِ إلَى مَكَّةَ فَوَقَّتَهُ مِنْ أَهْلِهِ حَتَّى لَوْ أَحْرَمُوا مِنْ الْحَرَمِ أَجْزَأَهُمْ، وَلَيْسَ عَلَيْهِمْ شَيْءٌ؛ لِأَنَّ خَارِجَ الْحَرَمِ كُلَّهُ بِمَنْزِلَةِ مَكَان وَاحِدٍ فِي حَقِّهِ وَالْحَرَمُ حَدٌّ فِي حَقِّهِ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الْمِيقَاتِ فِي حَقِّ أَهْلِ الْآفَاقِ، وَكَمَا أَنَّ مِيقَاتَ الْآفَاقِيِّ لِلْإِحْرَامِ مِنْ دُوَيْرَةِ أَهْلِهِ وَيَسَعُهُ التَّأْخِيرُ إلَى الْمِيقَاتِ فَكَذَا هُنَا يَسَعُهُ التَّأْخِيرُ إلَى الْحَرَمِ، وَلَكِنَّ الشَّرْطَ هُنَاكَ أَنْ لَا يُجَاوِزَ الْمِيقَاتَ إلَّا مُحْرِمًا وَالشَّرْطَ هُنَا أَنْ لَا يَدْخُلَ الْحَرَمَ إلَّا مُحْرِمًا؛ لِأَنَّ تَعْظِيمَ الْحَرَمِ بِهَذَا يَحْصُلُ، فَإِنْ دَخَلَ مَكَّةَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يُحْرِمَ فَأَحْرَمَ مِنْهَا فَعَلَيْهِ أَنْ يَخْرُجَ مِنْ الْحَرَمِ فَيُلَبِّيَ فَإِنْ لَمْ يَفْعَلْ حَتَّى يَطَّوَّفَ بِالْبَيْتِ فَعَلَيْهِ دَمٌ؛ لِأَنَّهُ تَرَكَ الْمِيقَاتَ الْمَعْهُودَ فِي حَقِّهِ لِلْإِحْرَامِ فَهُوَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الْآفَاقِيِّ يُجَاوِزُ الْمِيقَاتَ بِغَيْرِ إحْرَامٍ، ثُمَّ يُحْرِمُ وَرَاءَ الْمِيقَاتِ، وَهُنَاكَ يَلْزَمُهُ الدَّمُ إذَا لَمْ يَعُدْ لِتَأْخِيرِ الْإِحْرَامِ عَنْ مَكَانِهِ فَكَذَلِكَ هُنَا يَلْزَمُهُ الدَّمُ إذَا لَمْ يَعُدْ إلَى الْحِلِّ، وَإِنْ عَادَ فَالْخِلَافُ فِيهِ مِثْلُ الْخِلَافِ فِي الْآفَاقِيِّ إذَا عَادَ إلَى الْمِيقَاتِ بَعْدَ مَا أَحْرَمَ وَرَاءَ الْمِيقَاتِ عَلَى مَا نُبَيِّنُهُ بَعْدَ هَذَا إنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَ

[3] Fatawa Mahmoodiya, Vol 15,Pg 395, Ahsanul Fatawa, Vol 4, Pg 527

Zakāt and Debt

jknfatawa1 Homepage Featured Q&As, Zakat & Charity 27 May 202410 June 2024

27^th May 2024

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته

Question: Is Zakāt Fardh on me since I’m in debt to family and friends. I borrowed for house improvements. I have almost 30k on my head. Is Zakāt still Fardh on me?

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

In reference to your query, it depends on whether or not you have any remaining wealth after paying off your debt. As a general rule, if an individual Muslim after paying off his debt has sufficient wealth beyond their essentials equivalent to the nisāb level after paying off personal debt then Zakāt must be calculated on the remaining wealth. Zakāt will not be required if the loan amount consumes the entire wealth and the remaining wealth is less than the nisāb level.[1]

Another factor to consider is the short-term and long-term debt rule. If your debt is short-term as in the whole amount will be paid within a year then the above ruling applies. If the loan is long-term and exceeds a year in duration of payment, as in paid in small instalments for instance over a few years, then the ruling will be different in which case, only the amount paid in one year will be deducted from Zakāt calculation and payable on the remaining amount if it reaches the nisāb level. Otherwise, if the remaining wealth is less than the nisāb level then Zakāt won’t be applicable. [2]

Allāh Knows Best

Written by: Apa Sumayya Qazi Reviewed by: Mufti Abdul Waheed

Attested by: Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

[1] Jawharatun Niyarah, Kitāb Zakāt, vol 1, p. 115

شُرُوطُ وُجُوبِ الزَّكَاةِ

وَقَوْلُهُ يُحِيطُ بِمَالِهِ الْإِحَاطَةُ لَيْسَتْ بِشَرْطٍ حَتَّى لَوْ كَانَ لَا يُحِيطُ بِهِ لَا تَجِبُ أَيْضًا وَإِنَّمَا مَعْنَاهُ يَمْنَعُهُ أَنْ يَبْلُغَ صَابًا حَتَّى لَوْ كَانَ الدَّيْنُ دِرْهَمًا وَاحِدًا فِي الْمِائَتَيْنِ مَنَعَ الْوُجُوبَ وَلَوْ كَانَ لَهُ أَرْبَعُونَ مِثْقَالًا وَعَلَيْهِ أَحَدٌ وَعِشْرُونَ مِثْقَالًا لَا تَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ الزَّكَاةُ إنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ مُحِيطًا لَكِنْ لَمَّا لَمْ يَبْقَ الْبَاقِي نِصَابًا جُعِلَ كَأَنَّهُ مَعْدُومٌ وَلِأَنَّ الْمَدْيُونَ مِلْكُهُ فِي النِّصَابِ نَاقِصٌ لَا يُفِيدُهُ مِلْكُهُ لَهُ فَإِنَّ لِصَاحِبِ الدَّيْنِ أَنْ يَأْخُذَهُ مِنْ غَيْرِ قَضَاءٍ وَلَا رِضًا وَذَلِكَ آيَةُ عَدَمِ الْمِلْكِ كَمَا فِي الْوَدِيعَةِ وَالْمَغْصُوبِ

Hidayah sharhu Bidayatul Mubtadi, Kitāb Zakāt, vol 1, p. 95

” وإن كان ماله أكثر من دينه زكى الفاضل إذا بلغ نصابا ” لفراغه عن الحاجة

[2] See detailed fatwa Zakāt on short-term and Long-term Loan

https://jknfatawa.co.uk.smeweb-solutions.uk/zakat-on-long-term-loans/

Suffering from IBS and Tawāf

jknfatawa1 Purity 14 May 202410 June 2024IBS, Purity, Tawaf

14^th May 2024

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته

Question: I have a question about preforming umrah. I understand in order to do tawāf we have to be in the state of wudhu. I suffer from IBS and constantly pass wind sometimes every few minutes. Please can you advise me on what this means for while I try to preform umrah. I’m afraid that if I’m constantly passing wind will my umrah/tawāf be accepted.?

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

Answer

It is important to first understand the conditions for a person to become mazoor (excused person) and to remain mazoor have different meanings. If due to the constant passing of wind you are unable to keep your wudhu with ease for one complete fardh Salāh time nor able to pray Salāh either then you will be classed as a Shari mazoor person. If after that, the passing of wind continues but not necessarily encompassing the entire time will not revoke your mazoor status so long as it continues even least once during the fardh Salāh time.[1]

The ruling for a mazoor person is that their wudhu only needs to be renewed before every fardh Salāh time. To illustrate this with an example, if the illness of constantly passing wind continued throughout Dhuhr time the first time of its occurrence, then they would be considered mazoor from that point on even if it happened merely once thereafter. This wudhu will remain intact (despite the illness) as of which you can perform as many worships as you wish until the end time of that Salāh. You must then renew your wudhu when the next Salāh time begins.

In reference to your query, as you said you pass wind every few minutes and not being able to retain your wudhu then based on the above explanation, you qualify as a mazoor. You may continue to perform tawāf as your wudhu will remain intact until the Salāh time ends. If you do not complete your tawāf by then then you must renew your wudhu and then continue with your tawāf.

Allah Knows Best.

Written by Apa Sumayyah Abdul Alim

Reviewed by: Mufti Abdul Waheed

Attested by : Shaykh Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

[1] Ibn Abideen Kitaabut Tahaarah vol 1 pg 305

(وَصَاحِبُ عُذْرٍ مَنْ بِهِ سَلَسٌ) بَوْلٍ لَا يُمْكِنُهُ إمْسَاكُهُ (أَوْ اسْتِطْلَاقُ بَطْنٍ أَوْ انْفِلَاتُ رِيحٍ أَوْ اسْتِحَاضَةٌ) أَوْ بِعَيْنِهِ رَمَدٌ أَوْ عَمَشٌ أَوْ غَرَبٌ، وَكَذَا كُلُّ مَا يَخْرُجُ بِوَجَعٍ وَلَوْ مِنْ أُذُنٍ وَثَدْيٍ وَسُرَّةٍ (إنْ اسْتَوْعَبَ عُذْرُهُ تَمَامَ وَقْتِ صَلَاةٍ مَفْرُوضَةٍ)

بِأَنْ لَا يَجِدَ فِي جَمِيعِ وَقْتِهَا زَمَنًا يَتَوَضَّأُ وَيُصَلِّي فِيهِ خَالِيًا عَنْ الْحَدَثِ (وَلَوْ حُكْمًا) لِأَنَّ الِانْقِطَاعَ الْيَسِيرَ مُلْحَقٌ بِالْعَدَمِ (وَهَذَا شَرْطُ) الْعُذْرِ (فِي حَقِّ الِابْتِدَاءِ، وَفِي) حَقِّ (الْبَقَاءِ كَفَى وُجُودُهُ فِي جُزْءٍ مِنْ الْوَقْتِ) وَلَوْ مَرَّةً (وَفِي) حَقِّ الزَّوَالِ يُشْتَرَطُ (اسْتِيعَابُ الِانْقِطَاعِ) تَمَامَ الْوَقْتِ (حَقِيقَةً) لِأَنَّهُ الِانْقِطَاعُ الْكَامِلُ-

Al ikhtiyar – Ktaabut Taharah vol 1 pg 30

وَالْمَعْذُورُ هُوَ الَّذِي لَا يَمْضِي عَلَيْهِ وَقْتُ صَلَاةٍ إِلَّا وَالْحَدَثُ الَّذِي ابْتُلِيَ بِهِ مَوْجُودٌ) حَتَّى لَوِ انْقَطَعَ الدَّمُ وَقْتًا كَامِلًا خَرَجَ مِنْ أَنْ يَكُونَ صَاحِبَ عُذْرٍ مِنْ وَقْتِ الِانْقِطَاعِ. – المكتبة الشاملة

Giving Zakāt to my Son in-law who is Studying

jknfatawa1 Zakat & Charity 23 April 202423 April 2024

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته

Question: Can I give Zakāt to my son in law who wants to study? I give my Zakāt every year in Ramadhan and he will only start studying around June. Is it ok for me not to disclose it to him that it is Zakāt money? He does work but earns a low salary which goes into his necessities and he does not have the Nisab amount.

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

Answer

In reference your query, the conditions for one to be eligible for Zakāt is that they do not possess any additional savings or assets equal or above the Nisab threshold. Assets do not include basic necessities such as house, furniture, clothing etc. If a person earns less than the Nisab amount or is using all of his earnings for basic necessities, will be eligible for Zakāt.[1] If your son in law fulfils these conditions then you may give your Zakāt to him and doing so will be more rewarding.[2]

The next matter concerns delaying ones Zakāt. One should refrain from delaying their payment of Zakāt for more than one year as doing so without a valid excuse is sinful.[3] As your Zakāt will only be delayed by a few months, there is no harm in doing so. You may also choose not to disclose it to him either and can give it in the name of a gift provided at the time of giving, you made the intention of Zakāt in your heart.

Allāh Knows Best

Written by: Apa Sumayyah Begum Reviewed by: Mufti Abdul Waheed

Attested by: Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

[1] , Al Bahr al Raiq, Kitabuz Zakāt, vol 2, p 258

وَالْأَوْلَى أَنْ يُفَسَّرَ الْفَقِيرُ بِمَنْ لَهُ مَا دُونَ النِّصَابِ كَمَا فِي النُّقَايَةِ أَخْذًا مِنْ قَوْلِهِمْ يَجُوزُ دَفْعُ الزَّكَاةِ إلَى مَنْ يَمْلِكُ مَا دُونَ النِّصَابِ أَوْ قَدْرَ نِصَابٍ غَيْرِ تَامٍّ، وَهُوَ مُسْتَغْرِقٌ فِي الْحَاجَةِ، وَلَا خِلَافَ فِي أَنَّهُمَا صِنْفَانِ هُوَ الصَّحِيحُ؛

Raddul Muhtaar, Kitabuz Zakāt, vol 2, p 339

أَيْ مَصْرِفِ الزَّكَاةِ وَالْعُشْرِ، وَأَمَّا خُمُسُ الْمَعْدِنِ فَمَصْرِفُهُ كَالْغَنَائِمِ (هُوَ فَقِيرٌ، وَهُوَ مَنْ لَهُ أَدْنَى شَيْءٍ) أَيْ دُونَ نِصَابٍ أَوْ قَدْرُ نِصَابٍ غَيْرِ نَامٍ مُسْتَغْرِقٍ فِي الْحَاجَةِ.(وَمِسْكِينٌ مَنْ لَا شَيْءَ لَهُ) عَلَى الْمَذْهَبِ، – لِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى {أَوْ مِسْكِينًا ذَا مَتْرَبَةٍ} [البلد: ١٦]- وَآيَةُ السَّفِينَةِ لِلتَّرَحُّمِ

Fatawa Hindiyya, Kitabuz Zakāt, vol 1, p 187

(مِنْهَا الْفَقِيرُ) وَهُوَ مَنْ لَهُ أَدْنَى شَيْءٍ وَهُوَ مَا دُونَ النِّصَابِ أَوْ قَدْرُ نِصَابٍ غَيْرُ نَامٍ وَهُوَ مُسْتَغْرَقٌ فِي الْحَاجَةِ فَلَا يُخْرِجُهُ عَنْ الْفَقِيرِ مِلْكُ نُصُبٍ كَثِيرَةٍ غَيْرِ نَامِيَةٍ إذَا كَانَتْ مُسْتَغْرَقَةً بِالْحَاجَةِ كَذَا فِي فَتْحِ الْقَدِيرِ. التَّصَدُّقُ عَلَى الْفَقِيرِ الْعَالِمِ أَفْضَلُ مِنْ التَّصَدُّقِ عَلَى الْجَاهِلِ كَذَا فِي الزَّاهِدِيِّ.

[2] Al Bahr al Raaiq, Kitab uz Zakāt, vol2, p262

قَوْلُهُ وَأَصْلِهِ، وَإِنْ عَلَا وَفَرْعِهِ، وَإِنْ سَفَلَ) بِالْجَرِّ أَيْ لَا يَجُوزُ الدَّفْعُ إلَى أَبِيهِ وَجَدِّهِ، وَإِنْ عَلَا، وَلَا إلَى وَلَدِهِ وَوَلَدِ وَلَدِهِ، وَإِنْ سَفَلَ؛ لِأَنَّ الْمَنْفَعَةَ لَمْ تَنْقَطِعْ عَنْ الْمِلْكِ مِنْ كُلِّ وَجْهٍ كَمَا قَدَّمَهُ فِي تَعْرِيفِ الزَّكَاةِ؛ لِأَنَّ الْوَاجِبَ عَلَيْهِ الْإِخْرَاجُ عَنْ مِلْكِهِ رَقَبَةً وَمَنْفَعَةً، وَلَمْ يُوجَدْ فِي الْأُصُولِ وَالْفُرُوعِ الْإِخْرَاجُ عَنْ مِلْكِهِ مَنْفَعَةً وَإِنْ وَجَدَ رَقَبَةً، وَفِي عَبْدِهِ وُجِدَ الْإِخْرَاجُ مَنْفَعَةً لَا رَقَبَةً كَذَا فِي الْمُسْتَصْفَى، وَفِيهِ إشَارَةٌ إلَى أَنَّ هَذَا الْحُكْمَ لَا يَخُصُّ الزَّكَاةَ بَلْ كُلُّ صَدَقَةٍ وَاجِبَةٍ لَا يَجُوزُ دَفْعُهَا لَهُمْ كَأَحَدِ الزَّوْجَيْنِ كَالْكَفَّارَاتِ وَصَدَقَةِ الْفِطْرِ وَالنُّذُورِ، وَقُيِّدَ بِأَصْلِهِ وَفَرْعِهِ؛ لِأَنَّ مَنْ سِوَاهُمْ مِنْ الْقَرَابَةِ يَجُوزُ الدَّفْعُ لَهُمْ، وَهُوَ أَوْلَى لِمَا فِيهِ مِنْ الصِّلَةِ مَعَ الصَّدَقَةِ كَالْإِخْوَةِ وَالْأَخَوَاتِ وَالْأَعْمَامِ وَالْعَمَّاتِ وَالْأَخْوَالِ وَالْخَالَاتِ الْفُقَرَاءِ وَلِهَذَا قَالَ فِي الْفَتَاوَى الظَّهِيرِيَّةِ: يَبْدَأُ فِي الصَّدَقَاتِ بِالْأَقَارِبِ ثُمَّ الْمَوَالِي ثُمَّ الْجِيرَانِ

[3] Kasani, Badai Sanaai Kitabuz Zakāt vol 2 pg 272

قَوْلُهُ فَيَأْثَمُ بِتَأْخِيرِهَا إلَخْ) ظَاهِرُهُ الْإِثْمُ بِالتَّأْخِيرِ وَلَوْ قَلَّ كَيَوْمٍ أَوْ يَوْمَيْنِ لِأَنَّهُمْ فَسَّرُوا الْفَوْرَ بِأَوَّلِ أَوْقَاتِ الْإِمْكَانِ. وَقَدْ يُقَالُ الْمُرَادُ أَنْ لَا يُؤَخِّرَ إلَى الْعَامِ الْقَابِلِ لِمَا فِي الْبَدَائِعِ عَنْ الْمُنْتَقَى بِالنُّونِ إذَا لَمْ يُؤَدِّ حَتَّى مَضَى حَوْلَانِ فَقَدْ أَسَاءَ وَأَثِمَ اهـ فَتَأَمَّلْ

ADHD and the Rules of Fasting

jknfatawa1 Fasting 16 April 202416 April 2024

16^th April 2024

Question: I have a question for a friend. She has a 12 year old daughter who has ADHD with a very low IQ and she wanted to know the Islamic ruling for her daughter in regards to fasting. She started her periods recently and is now considered Balighah. She wanted to know whether fasting was still necessary for her or not.

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

Answer

Before clarifying the Islamic ruling of fasting for her daughter, ADHD must be first understood and its implications on worship. ADHD is the acronym for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder which is a neurodevelopmental disorder, a type of mental health condition that relates to inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity in a person’s everyday life. According to many studies, it affects the part of the brain responsible for solving problems, planning, understanding others’ actions, and controlling our impulses. When that part of the brain is affected, ADHD patients struggle to focus on organizing and finishing specific tasks and to control their behaviour around others. The cause of it can be due to multiple reasons such as genetics and brain chemistry, being born prematurely or with low birth weights or with epilepsy or brain damage, environmental causes, brain injuries and so forth. ADHD is generally treated with medication, behavioural therapy or a combination of both.

ADHD symptoms can be broadly divided into two main categories;

Inattentiveness: short attention span, daydreaming, careless mistakes, forgetfulness, losing things, easily distracted, difficulty in listening or carrying out instructions, difficulty in organizing tasks and lack of attention to details.
Hyperactivity and impulsiveness: fidgeting or being unable to sit still, lots of physical movement or talking, acting impulsively or recklessly, interrupting conversations, agitation, impatience, mood swings and irritability.[1]

We learn from the aforementioned ADHD symptoms that their working memory is impaired causing to occasionally forget, have difficulty in remembering clear instructions and discharging them correctly. They are more likely to struggle in self-monitoring their tasks and occasionally show signs of mood swings and frustrations as of which, they require external support and reminders from others. This is not to suggest they are unable to distinguish between right and wrong nor unable to comprehend basic instructions. Rather they mainly struggle to maintain focus on fulfilling specific tasks and solving problems independently.

From the Shariah perspective, this resembles to somewhat sahw and khata; excessive mistakes and forgetfulness. For instance, forgetting that they are fasting, need reminding occasionally not to eat, become irritated due to long hours of fasting, struggle to remember the detail rules of fasting, intentions shifting and end up mistakenly breaking their fast before the iftar time or continuing eating after suhur ending.

Concerning the girl in question, so long as she can understand basic instructions, able to distinguish between right and wrong and communicate at the minimum level, she must observe the Ramadhan fasts because her intellectual sanity is still considered intact and possesses some element of strength to fast.[2] If she occasionally forgets she is fasting or becomes agitated then her parents must support her and occasionally remind her of her fasts. If she ends up breaking it due to forgetfulness then she may continue fasting without the need for Qadha, but if she remembered but broke it unintentionally due to her mental state then only Qadha is necessary, not Kaffarah.[3]

If her mental condition fluctuates occasionally between sanity and insanity but is not unremitting as in, occasionally she may behave insanely otherwise normally she can communicate and understand basic instructions then the obligation of fasting is not dropped. If it so happens that she becomes permanently insane in that her cognitive capacity becomes totally impaired to the extent she can no longer distinguish between right from wrong, not able to comprehend speech, her actions and words are disrupted and so forth then the obligation of fasting is dropped.[4]

The above clarifies the Islamic legal perspective and as a recommendation, the mother must consult an experienced upright Muslim therapist to help treat her mental condition and control her behaviour so to adequately manage her fasts. Parents must also ensure their daughter is taking the prescribed medicines upon the doctor’s advice outside of the fasting hours if possible.

[Allãh Knows Best]

Written and researched by (Mufti) Abdul Waheed

Answer Attested by Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

[1] What is ADHD: Everything you need to know about ADHD (2023), Available at: What Are ADHD Symptoms and How Do They Affects People? (verywellhealth.com) [accessed 10th April 2024]

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) (2021), Available at: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | Mental Health Foundation [accessed 10th April 2024]

Signs of Inattentive ADHD and How to Treat it (2024), Available at: Inattentive ADHD Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment (verywellhealth.com) [accessed 10th April 2024]

[2] Ibn Nujaym, Bahr Rāiq, Kitāb Sawm, vol 2, p. 277

وَفِي الْبَدَائِعِ وَأَمَّا الْعَقْلُ فَهَلْ هُوَ مِنْ شَرَائِطِ الْوُجُوبِ وَكَذَا الْإِفَاقَةُ وَالْيَقَظَةُ قَالَ عَامَّةُ مَشَايِخِنَا: لَيْسَتْ مِنْ شَرَائِطِ الْوُجُوبِ بَلْ مِنْ شَرَائِطِ وُجُوبِ الْأَدَاءِ مُسْتَدِلِّينَ بِوُجُوبِ الْقَضَاءِ عَلَى الْمُغْمَى عَلَيْهِ وَالنَّائِمِ بَعْدَ الْإِفَاقَةِ وَالِانْتِبَاهِ بَعْدَ مُضِيِّ بَعْضِ الشَّهْرِ أَوْ كُلِّهِ وَكَذَا الْمَجْنُونُ إذَا أَفَاقَ فِي بَعْضِ الشَّهْرِ

Kasān, Badā’i Sanāi, Kitāb Sawm, vol 2, p. 88

وَأَمَّا الْعَقْلُ فَهَلْ هُوَ مِنْ شَرَائِطِ الْوُجُوبِ وَكَذَا الْإِفَاقَةُ، وَالْيَقَظَةُ؟ قَالَ عَامَّةُ مَشَايِخِنَا: إنَّهَا لَيْسَتْ مِنْ شَرَائِطِ الْوُجُوبِ، وَيَجِبُ صَوْمُ رَمَضَانَ عَلَى الْمَجْنُونِ وَالْمُغْمَى عَلَيْهِ وَالنَّائِمِ لَكِنْ أَصْلُ الْوُجُوبِ لَا وُجُوبُ الْأَدَاءِ بِنَاءً عَلَى أَنَّ عِنْدَهُمْ الْوُجُوبُ نَوْعَانِ: أَحَدُهُمَا أَصْلُ الْوُجُوبِ وَهُوَ اشْتِغَالُ الذِّمَّةِ بِالْوَاجِبِ وَأَنَّهُ ثَبَتَ بِالْأَسْبَابِ لَا بِالْخِطَابِ، وَلَا تُشْتَرَطُ الْقُدْرَةُ لِثُبُوتِهِ بَلْ ثَبَتَ جَبْرًا مِنْ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى شَاءَ الْعَبْدُ، أَوْ أَبَى، وَالثَّانِي: وُجُوبُ الْأَدَاءِ وَهُوَ إسْقَاطُ مَا فِي الذِّمَّةِ وَتَفْرِيغُهَا مِنْ الْوَاجِبِ، وَأَنَّهُ ثَبَتَ بِالْخِطَابِ وَتُشْتَرَطُ لَهُ الْقُدْرَةُ عَلَى فَهْمِ الْخِطَابِ وَعَلَى أَدَاءِ مَا تَنَاوَلَهُ الْخِطَابُ، لِأَنَّ الْخِطَابَ لَا يَتَوَجَّهُ إلَى الْعَاجِزِ عَنْ فَهْمِ الْخِطَابِ وَلَا إلَى الْعَاجِز عَنْ فِعْلِ مَا تَنَاوَلَهُ الْخِطَابُ، وَالْمَجْنُونُ لِعَدَمِ عَقْلِهِ، أَوْ لِاسْتِتَارِهِ، وَالْمُغْمَى عَلَيْهِ، وَالنَّائِمُ لِعَجْزِهِمَا عَنْ اسْتِعْمَالِ عَقْلِهِمَا عَاجِزُونَ عَنْ فَهْمِ الْخِطَابِ وَعَنْ أَدَاءِ مَا تَنَاوَلَهُ الْخِطَابُ، فَلَا يَثْبُتُ وُجُوبُ الْأَدَاءِ فِي حَقِّهِمْ وَيَثْبُتُ أَصْلُ الْوُجُوبِ فِي حَقِّهِمْ، لِأَنَّهُ لَا يَعْتَمِدُ الْقُدْرَةَ بَلْ يَثْبُتُ جَبْرًا.

وَتَقْرِيرُ هَذَا الْأَصْلِ مَعْرُوفٌ فِي أُصُولِ الْفِقْهِ، وَفِي الْخِلَافِيَّاتِ، وَقَالَ أَهْلُ التَّحْقِيقِ مِنْ مَشَايِخِنَا بِمَا وَرَاءَ النَّهْرِ: إنَّ الْوُجُوبَ فِي الْحَقِيقَةِ نَوْعٌ وَاحِدٌ وَهُوَ وُجُوبُ الْأَدَاءِ فَكُلُّ مَنْ كَانَ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْأَدَاءِ كَانَ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْوُجُوبِ وَمَنْ لَا فَلَا وَهُوَ اخْتِيَارُ أُسْتَاذِي الشَّيْخِ الْأَجَلِّ الزَّاهِدِ عَلَاءِ الدِّينِ رَئِيسِ أَهْلِ السُّنَّةِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَحْمَدَ السَّمَرْقَنْدِيِّ – رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ –

[3] Fatawa Hindiyyah, Kitāb Sawm, vol 1, p. 202

(الْبَابُ الرَّابِعُ فِيمَا يُفْسِدُ، وَمَا لَا يُفْسِدُ) . وَالْمُفْسِدُ عَلَى نَوْعَيْنِ (النَّوْعُ الْأَوَّلُ مَا يُوجِبُ الْقَضَاءَ دُونَ الْكَفَّارَةِ) . إذَا أَكَلَ الصَّائِمُ أَوْ شَرِبَ أَوْ جَامَعَ نَاسِيًا لَمْ يُفْطِرْ، وَلَا فَرْقَ بَيْنَ الْفَرْضِ وَالنَّفَلِ كَذَا فِي الْهِدَايَةِ. وَلَوْ قِيلَ لِرَجُلٍ يَأْكُلُ إنَّك صَائِمٌ، وَهُوَ لَا يَتَذَكَّرُ فَالصَّحِيحُ أَنَّهُ يَفْسُدُ صَوْمُهُ هَكَذَا فِي الظَّهِيرِيَّةِ.

لَوْ أَكَلَ مُكْرَهًا أَوْ مُخْطِئًا عَلَيْهِ الْقَضَاءُ دُونَ الْكَفَّارَةِ كَذَا فِي فَتَاوَى قَاضِي خَانْ. الْمُخْطِئُ هُوَ الذَّاكِرُ لِلصَّوْمِ غَيْرُ الْقَاصِدِ لِلْفِطْرِ إذَا أَكَلَ أَوْ شَرِبَ هَكَذَا فِي النَّهْرِ الْفَائِقِ. وَالنَّاسِي عَكْسُهُ، هَكَذَا فِي النِّهَايَةِ وَالْبَحْرِ الرَّائِقِ.

Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb Sawm, vol 2 p. 395

بَابُ مَا يُفْسِدُ الصَّوْمَ وَمَا لَا يُفْسِدُهُ الْفَسَادُ

وَالْبُطْلَانُ فِي الْعِبَادَاتِ سِيَّانِ (إذَا أَكَلَ الصَّائِمُ أَوْ شَرِبَ أَوْ جَامَعَ) حَالَ كَوْنِهِ (نَاسِيًا) فِي الْفَرْضِ وَالنَّفَلِ قَبْلَ النِّيَّةِ أَوْ بَعْدَهَا عَلَى الصَّحِيحِ بَحْرٌ عَنْ الْقُنْيَةِ إلَّا أَنْ يُذَكَّرَ فَلَمْ يَتَذَكَّرْ وَيُذَكِّرُهُ لَوْ قَوِيًّا وَإِلَّا وَلَيْسَ عُذْرًا فِي حُقُوقِ الْعِبَادِ

(وَقَوْلُهُ: إذَا أَكَلَ) شَرْطٌ جَوَابُهُ قَوْلُهُ الْآتِي لَمْ يُفْطِرْ كَمَا سَيُنَبِّهُ عَلَيْهِ الشَّارِحُ (قَوْلُهُ: نَاسِيًا) أَيْ لِصَوْمِهِ؛ لِأَنَّهُ ذَاكِرٌ لِلْأَكْلِ وَالشُّرْبِ وَالْجِمَاعِ مِعْرَاجٌ……… (قَوْلُهُ: إلَّا أَنْ يُذَكَّرْ فَلَمْ يَتَذَكَّرْ) أَيْ إذَا أَكَلَ نَاسِيًا فَذَكَّرَهُ إنْسَانٌ بِالصَّوْمِ وَلَمْ يَتَذَكَّرْ فَأَكَلَ فَسَدَ صَوْمُهُ فِي الصَّحِيحِ خِلَافًا لِبَعْضِهِمْ ظَهِيرِيَّةٌ؛ لِأَنَّ خَبَرَ الْوَاحِدِ فِي الدِّيَانَاتِ مَقْبُولٌ، فَكَانَ يَجِبُ أَنْ يَلْتَفِتَ إلَى تَأَمُّلِ الْحَالِ لِوُجُودِ الْمُذَكَّرِ بَحْرٌ.

قُلْت: لَكِنْ لَا كَفَّارَةَ عَلَيْهِ وَهُوَ الْمُخْتَارُ كَمَا فِي التَّتَارْخَانِيَّة عَنْ النِّصَابِ وَقَدْ نَسَبُوا هَذِهِ الْمَسْأَلَةَ إلَى أَبِي يُوسُفَ وَنَسَبَ إلَيْهِ الْقُهُسْتَانِيُّ فَسَادَ الصَّوْمِ بِالنِّسْيَانِ مُطْلَقًا وَلَمْ أَرَهُ لِغَيْرِهِ وَسَيَأْتِي مَا يَرُدُّهُ

[4] Mawsoo’atul Fiqhiyyah Kuwaitiyyah vol 16, p. 99

الْجُنُونُ فِي اللُّغَةِ: مَصْدَرُ جُنَّ الرَّجُل بِالْبِنَاءِ لِلْمَجْهُول، فَهُوَ مَجْنُونٌ: أَيْ زَال عَقْلُهُ أَوْ فَسَدَ، أَوْ دَخَلَتْهُ الْجِنُّ، وَجَنَّ الشَّيْءَ عَلَيْهِ: سَتَرَهُ. وَأَمَّا فِي الاِصْطِلاَحِ فَقَدْ عَرَّفَهُ الْفُقَهَاءُ وَالأُْصُولِيُّونَ بِعِبَارَاتٍ مُخْتَلِفَةٍ مِنْهَا:

أَنَّهُ اخْتِلاَل الْعَقْل بِحَيْثُ يَمْنَعُ جَرَيَانَ الأَْفْعَال وَالأَْقْوَال عَلَى نَهْجِهِ إِلاَّ نَادِرًا.

وَقِيل: الْجُنُونُ اخْتِلاَل الْقُوَّةِ الْمُمَيِّزَةِ بَيْنَ الأْشْيَاءِ الْحَسَنَةِ وَالْقَبِيحَةِ الْمُدْرِكَةِ لِلْعَوَاقِبِ بِأَنْ لاَ تَظْهَرَ آثَارُهَا، وَأَنْ تَتَعَطَّل أَفْعَالُهَا.

وَعَرَّفَهُ صَاحِبُ الْبَحْرِ الرَّائِقِ بِأَنَّهُ: اخْتِلاَل الْقُوَّةِ الَّتِي بِهَا إِدْرَاكُ الْكُلِّيَّاتِ.

Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb Talāq vol 3, p. 241

(قَوْلُهُ وَالْمَجْنُونُ) قَالَ فِي التَّلْوِيحِ: الْجُنُونُ اخْتِلَالُ الْقُوَّةِ الْمُمَيِّزَةِ بَيْنَ الْأُمُورِ الْحَسَنَةِ وَالْقَبِيحَةِ الْمُدْرِكَةِ لِلْعَوَاقِبِ، بِأَنْ لَا تَظْهَرَ آثَارُهُ وَتَتَعَطَّلُ أَفْعَالُهَا، إمَّا لِنُقْصَانِ جَبَلٍ عَلَيْهِ دِمَاغُهُ فِي أَصْلِ الْخِلْقَةِ، وَإِمَّا لِخُرُوجِ مِزَاجِ الدِّمَاغِ عَنْ الِاعْتِدَالِ بِسَبَبِ خَلْطٍ أَوْ آفَةٍ، وَإِمَّا لِاسْتِيلَاءِ الشَّيْطَانِ عَلَيْهِ وَإِلْقَاءِ الْخَيَالَاتِ الْفَاسِدَةِ إلَيْهِ بِحَيْثُ يَفْرَحُ وَيَفْزَعُ مِنْ غَيْرِ مَا يَصْلُحُ سَبَبًا.

Mawsoo’atul Fiqhiyyah Kuwaitiyyah vol 16, p. 101

فَالْجُنُونُ إِنْ كَانَ مُمْتَدًّا سَقَطَ مَعَهُ وُجُوبُ الْعِبَادَاتِ فَلاَ تُشْغَل بِهَا ذِمَّتُهُ، وَإِنْ كَانَ غَيْرَ مُمْتَدٍّ وَهُوَ طَارِئٌ لَمْ يَمْنَعِ التَّكْلِيفَ وَلاَ يَنْفِي أَصْل الْوُجُوبِ؛ لأَِنَّ الْوُجُوبَ بِالذِّمَّةِ، وَهِيَ ثَابِتَةٌ، وَلِذَلِكَ يَرِثُ وَيَمْلِكُ، وَإِنْ كَانَ غَيْرَ مُمْتَدٍّ، وَكَانَ أَصْلِيًّا فَحُكْمُهُ عِنْدَ مُحَمَّدٍ حُكْمُ الْمُمْتَدِّ؛ لأَِنَّهُ نَاطَ الإِْسْقَاطَ بِالْكُل مِنَ الاِمْتِدَادِ وَالأَْصَالَةِ، وَقَال أَبُو يُوسُفَ: حُكْمُهُ حُكْمُ الطَّارِئِ فَيُنَاطُ الإِْسْقَاطُ بِالاِمْتِدَادِ

Mawsoo’atul Fiqhiyyah Kuwaitiyyah vol 16, p. 99

وَالْفَرْقُ بَيْنَ الْجُنُونِ وَالْعَتَهِ، أَنَّ الْمَعْتُوهَ قَلِيل الْفَهْمِ مُخْتَلِطُ الْكَلاَمِ، فَاسِدُ التَّدْبِيرِ، لَكِنْ لاَ يَضْرِبُ وَلاَ يَشْتُمُ بِخِلاَفِ الْمَجْنُونِ.

وَصَرَّحَ الأُْصُولِيُّونَ بِأَنَّ حُكْمَ الْمَعْتُوهِ حُكْمُ الصَّبِيِّ الْمُمَيِّزِ، إِلاَّ أَنَّ الدَّبُوسِيَّ قَال: تَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ الْعِبَادَاتُ احْتِيَاطًا، وَقَال صَدْرُ الإِْسْلاَمِ: إِنَّ الْعَتَهَ نَوْعُ جُنُونٍ فَيَمْنَعُ أَدَاءَ الْحُقُوقِ جَمِيعًا .

How Should a Creditor Calculate Zakāt on the Previous Years?

jknfatawa1 Zakat & Charity 2 April 20245 April 2024

2^nd April 2024

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته

Question: I just wanted to ask that someone owes me money and agreed to pay me and they haven’t paid me for a few years. When I calculate Zakāt on it, do I have to keep paying Zakāt on the same money every year until they pay me back or just pay it all at once upon receiving the whole amount?

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

Answer

In reference to the above query, if you lent somebody money and you are certain that they will pay you then you must pay Zakāt on the previous years since the time you loaned them your money.[1] You could calculate the previous year’s Zakāt either after they return the money to you or pay yearly before they return the money to you.[2] Zakāt will be calculated at 2.5% of the amount you lent so for instance, if you lent them £1000 then you would pay £25 Zakāt but there is some details regarding this. If you decide to pay Zakāt altogether of the previous years after receiving the full amount then the Zakāt amount will be subtracted every year from the original loaned money. For instance, if the person decides to pay you after three years and thereafter you calculate Zakāt on those three years then the first year you will pay £25 from £1000, the second year you will pay £24.37 from £975 and third year £23.76 from £950.63 and so forth. This is because each year Zakāt is deemed as a valid debt which is deducted every year from the original amount.[3] If you however decide to pay Zakāt every year before receiving the full amount then you pay £25 every year regardless because no debt was incurred each year.

[Allāh Knows Best]

Written by: Apa Zulaikha Yasir Reviewed by: Mufti Abdul Waheed

Attested by: Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

[1] رد المختار جلد ٢ ص ٣٠٥

(ﻭ) اﻋﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ اﻟﺪﻳﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻹﻣﺎﻡ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ: ﻗﻮﻱ، ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ، ﻭﺿﻌﻴﻒ؛ (ﻓﺘﺠﺐ) ﺯﻛﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺇﺫا ﺗﻢ ﻧﺼﺎﺑﺎ ﻭﺣﺎﻝ اﻟﺤﻮﻝ، ﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻓﻮﺭا ﺑﻞ (ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﺒﺾ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﻴﻦ ﺩﺭﻫﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻳﻦ) اﻟﻘﻮﻱ ﻛﻘﺮﺽ

[2] البحر الرائق جلد ٢ ص ٢٢٣

قَسَّمَ أَبُو حَنِيفَةَ الدَّيْنَ عَلَى ثَلَاثَةِ أَقْسَامٍ: قَوِيٌّ، وَهُوَ بَدَلُ الْقَرْضِ، وَمَالُ التِّجَارَةِ، وَمُتَوَسِّطٌ، وَهُوَ بَدَلُ مَا لَيْسَ لِلتِّجَارَةِ كَثَمَنِ ثِيَابِ الْبِذْلَةِ وَعَبْدِ الْخِدْمَةِ وَدَارِ السُّكْنَى، وَضَعِيفٌ، وَهُوَ بَدَلُ مَا لَيْسَ بِمَالٍ كَالْمَهْرِ وَالْوَصِيَّةِ، وَبَدَلِ الْخُلْعِ وَالصُّلْحِ عَنْ دَمِ الْعَمْدِ وَالدِّيَةِ، وَبَدَلِ الْكِتَابَةِ وَالسِّعَايَةِ فَفِي الْقَوِيِّ تَجِبُ الزَّكَاةُ إذَا حَالَ الْحَوْلُ، وَيَتَرَاخَى الْقَضَاءُ إلَى أَنْ يَقْبِضَ أَرْبَعِينَ دِرْهَمًا فَفِيهَا دِرْهَمٌ، وَكَذَا فِيمَا زَادَ بِحِسَابِهِ، وَفِي الْمُتَوَسِّطِ لَا تَجِبُ مَا لَمْ يَقْبِضْ نِصَابًا، وَيُعْتَبَرُ لِمَا مَضَى مِنْ الْحَوْلِ فِي صَحِيحِ الرِّوَايَةِ، وَفِي الضَّعِيفِ لَا تَجِبُ مَا لَمْ يَقْبِضْ نِصَابًا وَيَحُولُ الْحَوْلُ بَعْدَ الْقَبْضِ عَلَيْهِ،

[3] Burhanuddin Marghinani, Kitab Zakāt, Vol 1, p. 95

والمراد به دين له مطالب من جهة العباد حتى لا يمنع دين النذر والكفارة ودين الزكاة مانع حال بقاء النصاب لأنه ينتقص به النصاب،

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14^th March 2024

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته

Question: I am a recently reverted Muslim. I fasted this Ramadhān however, I ate my morning meal between Fajr and sunrise instead of before Fajr. I only learned today that this was an error, and suhoor must take place before Fajr. Is my fasting invalidated, and does it necessitate expiation?

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

Answer

In reference to your query, if the fast is not broken deliberately but was instead broken due to a confusion in timing as is evident in this case, the fast will be deemed invalid but will not necessitate an expiation.[1]I it will simply require a single Qadha fast to be made up later.[2]

[Allāh Knows Best]

Written by: Apa Samrena Kashaf Reviewed by: Mufti Abdul Waheed

Attested by: Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

[1] Imam Kasani, Badai Sinai, Kitabus Sawm, Vol. 2, page 100

وَلَوْ تَسَحَّرَ عَلَى ظَنِّ أَنَّ الْفَجْرَ لَمْ يَطْلُعْ فَإِذَا هُوَ طَالِعٌ أَوْ أَفْطَرَ عَلَى ظَنِّ أَنَّ الشَّمْسَ قَدْ غَرَبَتْ فَإِذَا هِيَ لَمْ تَغْرُبْ فَعَلَيْهِ الْقَضَاءُ وَلَا كَفَّارَةَ لِأَنَّهُ لَمْ يُفْطِرْ مُتَعَمِّدًا بَلْ خَاطِئًا أَلَا تَرَى أَنَّهُ لَا إثْمَ عَلَيْهِ

[2] Ibn Humam, Fathul Qadeer, Kitabus Sawm, Vol.2, page 372

قَالَ (وَإِذَا تَسَحَّرَ وَهُوَ يَظُنُّ أَنَّ الْفَجْرَ لَمْ يَطْلُعْ فَإِذَا هُوَ قَدْ طَلَعَ، أَوْ أَفْطَرَ وَهُوَ يَرَى أَنَّ الشَّمْسَ قَدْ غَرَبَتْ فَإِذَا هِيَ لَمْ تَغْرُبْ أَمْسَكَ بَقِيَّةَ يَوْمِهِ) قَضَاءً لِحَقِّ الْوَقْتِ بِالْقَدْرِ الْمُمْكِنِ أَوْ نَفْيًا لِلتُّهْمَةِ (وَعَلَيْهِ الْقَضَاءُ) لِأَنَّهُ حَقٌّ مَضْمُونٌ بِالْمِثْلِ، كَمَا فِي الْمَرِيضِ وَالْمُسَافِرِ (وَلَا كَفَّارَةَ عَلَيْهِ) لِأَنَّ الْجِنَايَةَ قَاصِرَةٌ لِعَدَمِ الْقَصْدِ،

(قَوْلُهُ لِأَنَّ الْجِنَايَةَ قَاصِرَةٌ) لَيْسَ هُنَا جِنَايَةٌ أَصْلًا لِأَنَّهُ لَمْ يَقْصِدْ وَقَدْ صَرَّحُوا بِعَدَمِ الْإِثْمِ عَلَيْهِ، اللَّهُمَّ إلَّا أَنْ يُرَادَ أَنَّ عَدَمَ تَثَبُّتِهِ إلَى أَنْ يَسْتَيْقِنَ جِنَايَةٌ فَيَكُونُ الْمُرَادُ جِنَايَةُ عَدَمِ التَّثَبُّتِ لَا جِنَايَةُ الْإِفْطَارِ كَمَا قَالُوا فِي الْقَتْلِ الْخَطَأِ لَا إثْمَ عَلَيْهِ فِيهِ، وَالْمُرَادُ إثْمُ الْقَتْلِ، وَصَرَّحَ بِأَنَّ فِيهِ إثْمَ تَرْكِ الْعَزِيمَةِ وَالْمُبَالَغَةِ فِي التَّثَبُّتِ حَالَ الرَّمْيِ

Ibn Abideen, Raddul Muhtar, Kitabus Sawm, Vol.2, page 405

لِأَنَّهُ لَوْ ظَنَّ الطُّلُوعَ وَأَكَلَ مَعَ ذَلِكَ ثُمَّ تَبَيَّنَ صِحَّةَ ظَنِّهِ، فَعَلَيْهِ الْقَضَاءُ وَلَا كَفَّارَةَ؛ لِأَنَّهُ بَنَى الْأَمْرَ عَلَى الْأَصْلِ فَلَمْ تَكْمُلْ الْجِنَايَةُ فَلَوْ قَالَ ظَنَّهُ لَيْلًا أَوْ نَهَارًا لَكَانَ أَوْلَى وَلَيْسَ لَهُ أَنْ يَأْكُلَ؛ لِأَنَّ غَلَبَةَ الظَّنِّ كَالْيَقِينِ بَحْرٌ. وَأَجَابَ فِي النَّهْرِ بِأَنَّهُ قَيَّدَ بِاللَّيْلِ لِيُطَابِقَ قَوْلَهُ أَوْ تَسَحَّرَ. اهـ.

Does Monetary Debt Affect Zakāt on Gold?

jknfatawa1 Zakat & Charity 13 March 202413 March 2024

13^th March 2024

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته

Question: I currently have a debt of £20,000. I have £15,000 worth of gold in my possession which I do not intend to sell off to pay of my debt. Do I still need to pay Zakāt on the gold or is it waivered due to the debt?

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

Answer

Concerning your query, firstly note that there is a contemporary view about debt that immediate debts known as short-term debts; i.e. those that need to be paid back within the next 12 months can be waivered from your Zakāt calculation. As for long-term debts which do not need to be paid back within the next 12 months but after that, are not waivered and Zakāt must be paid on them. This is evident by the principle of a person who has not yet paid the mahr to his wife, if he intends on paying it within the next 12 months then it can be waivered from his Zakāt but if he intends do give it after 12 months then he must pay Zakāt on it. In your case, if the debt is to be paid off in the next 12 months, then it can be deducted from your Zakāt, but if there was an agreement of paying off your debt after 12 months then it will not be deducted from Zakāt calculation.[1] Despite of you not intending to sell your gold to pay off the debt, Islamically, gold silver and cash all fall under the same category of ruling. In other words, even by possessing gold and also being in debt in cash that overwhelms the value of gold would legally affect the Zakāt rulings on gold (or silver) and hence will be waivered if paid within 12 months that is.[2]

[Allāh Knows Best]

Written by: Maulana Hafiz Mahmud Ali Reviewed by: Mufti Abdul Waheed

Attested by: Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

[1] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb al-Zakāt, vol 2, p. 261

(فَارِغٍ عَنْ دَيْنٍ لَهُ مُطَالِبٌ مِنْ جِهَةِ الْعِبَادِ)

سَوَاءٌ كَانَ لِلَّهِ كَزَكَاةٍ وَخَرَاجٍ أَوْ لِلْعَبْدِ، وَلَوْ كَفَالَةً أَوْ مُؤَجَّلًا، وَلَوْ صَدَاقَ زَوْجَتِهِ الْمُؤَجَّلَ لِلْفِرَاقِ

(قَوْلُهُ أَوْ مُؤَجَّلًا إلَخْ)

عَزَاهُ فِي الْمِعْرَاجِ إلَى شَرْحِ الطَّحَاوِيِّ، وَقَالَ: وَعَنْ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ لَا يُمْنَعُ. وَقَالَ الصَّدْرُ الشَّهِيدُ: لَا رِوَايَةَ فِيهِ، وَلِكُلٍّ مِنْ الْمَنْعِ وَعَدَمِهِ وَجْهٌ.

Kasān, Badā’i Sanāi, Kitāb al-Zakāt, vol 2, p. 6

وَعَلَى هَذَا يُخْرَجُ مَهْرُ الْمَرْأَةِ فَإِنَّهُ يَمْنَعُ وُجُوبَ الزَّكَاةِ عِنْدَنَا مُعَجَّلًا كَانَ أَوْ مُؤَجَّلًا؛ لِأَنَّهَا إذَا طَالَبَتْهُ يُؤَاخَذُ بِهِ، وَقَالَ بَعْضُ مَشَايِخِنَا: إنَّ الْمُؤَجَّلَ لَا يَمْنَعُ؛ لِأَنَّهُ غَيْرُ مُطَالَبٍ بِهِ عَادَةً، فَأَمَّا الْمُعَجَّلُ فَيُطَالَبُ بِهِ عَادَةً فَيَمْنَعُ، وَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ: إنْ كَانَ الزَّوْجُ عَلَى عَزْمٍ مِنْ قَضَائِهِ يَمْنَعُ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ عَلَى عَزْمِ الْقَضَاءِ لَا يَمْنَعُ؛ لِأَنَّهُ لَا يَعُدُّهُ دَيْنًا وَإِنَّمَا يُؤَاخَذُ الْمَرْءُ بِمَا عِنْدَهُ فِي الْأَحْكَامِ.

Also visit previous fatwa on Zakāt on long-term debts: https://jknfatawa.co.uk.smeweb-solutions.uk/Zakāt-on-long-term-loans/

[2] Tabyyeen al-Haqaiq Sharh Kanz Daqaiq, Kitab Zakāt, vol 1, p. 255

[شُرُوط وُجُوبهَا]

وَإِنْ كَانَ مَالُهُ أَكْثَرَ مِنْ الدَّيْنِ زَكَّى الْفَاضِلَ إذَا بَلَغَ نِصَابًا لِفَرَاغِهِ عَنْ الدَّيْنِ، وَإِنْ كَانَ لَهُ نُصُبٌ يَصْرِفُ الدَّيْنَ إلَى أَيْسَرِهَا قَضَاءً. مِثَالُهُ: إذَا كَانَ لَهُ دَرَاهِمُ وَدَنَانِيرُ، وَعُرُوضٌ لِلتِّجَارَةِ وَسَوَائِمُ مِنْ الْإِبِلِ، وَمِنْ الْبَقَرِ وَالْغَنَمِ، وَعَلَيْهِ دَيْنٌ فَإِنْ كَانَ يَسْتَغْرِقُ الْجَمِيعَ فَلَا زَكَاةَ عَلَيْهِ،