Can Step Children Marry Each Other?

Can Step Children Marry Each Other?

6th October 2020

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته

Question:  If a man with children from a previous marriage marries another woman, who also has children from a previous marriage, would he be his step daughter’s mahram? 

Also, would his baligh boys be mahram to his new wife?

Will it be permissible for the man’s children to marry his wife’s children also?

 

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

 

Answer:

In reference to your query, if the stepfather consummated the marriage with his new wife, then he would now be regarded as a mahram to his wife’s daughter. However, if the marriage was not consummated then he will not be a mahram to his wife’s daughter, and permitted to marry her after divorcing his new wife instantly after the Nikah.[1] The ruling however is different regarding his baligh boys in relation to his new wife. If the marriage between their dad and his new wife has not been consummated, then the male children still becomes a mahram to the new wife. Merely doing the nikah will make them a mahram to her.[2]  As the children of each partner have no blood connection between them because they have different biological parents, they will be allowed to marry each other.[3]

 

[Allāh Knows Best]

 

 

Written by:  Apa Sajeda          Reviewed by: Mufti Abdul Waheed

Attested by: Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam      

JKN Fatawa Department

 

 

[1]Al Quraan, Surah Nisaa, Aayat 23

حُرِّمَتْ عَلَيْكُمْ أُمَّهَاتُكُمْ وَبَنَاتُكُمْ وَأَخَوَاتُكُمْ وَعَمَّاتُكُمْ وَخَالَاتُكُمْ وَبَنَاتُ الْأَخِ وَبَنَاتُ الْأُخْتِ وَأُمَّهَاتُكُمُ اللَّاتِي أَرْضَعْنَكُمْ وَأَخَوَاتُكُم مِّنَ الرَّضَاعَةِ وَأُمَّهَاتُ نِسَائِكُمْ وَرَبَائِبُكُمُ اللَّاتِي فِي حُجُورِكُم مِّن نِّسَائِكُمُ اللَّاتِي دَخَلْتُم بِهِنَّ فَإِن لَّمْ تَكُونُوا دَخَلْتُم بِهِنَّ فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ وَحَلَائِلُ أَبْنَائِكُمُ الَّذِينَ مِنْ أَصْلَابِكُمْ وَأَن تَجْمَعُوا بَيْنَ الْأُخْتَيْنِ إِلَّا مَا قَدْ سَلَفَ ۗ إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ غَفُورًا رَّحِيمًا

 

Imam Qurtubi, Tafseer qurtubi. Vol 5. Pg. 106

(وَلا تَنْكِحُوا مَا نَكَحَ آباؤُكُمْ). قَالَ الطَّحَاوِيُّ: وَكُلُّ هَذَا مِنَ الْمُحْكَمِ الْمُتَّفَقِ عَلَيْهِ، وَغَيْرُ جَائِزٍ نِكَاحُ وَاحِدَةٍ مِنْهُنَّ بِإِجْمَاعٍ إِلَّا أُمَّهَاتِ النِّسَاءِ اللَّوَاتِي لَمْ يَدْخُلْ بِهِنَّ أَزْوَاجُهُنَّ، فَإِنَّ جُمْهُورَ السَّلَفِ ذَهَبُوا إِلَى أَنَّ الْأُمَّ تَحْرُمُ بِالْعَقْدِ عَلَى الِابْنَةِ، وَلَا تَحْرُمُ الِابْنَةُ إِلَّا بِالدُّخُولِ بِالْأُمِّ، وبهذا قول جمعي أَئِمَّةِ الْفَتْوَى بِالْأَمْصَارِ. وَقَالَتْ طَائِفَةٌ مِنَ السَّلَفِ: الْأُمُّ وَالرَّبِيبَةُ سَوَاءٌ، لَا تَحْرُمُ مِنْهُمَا وَاحِدَةٌ إِلَّا بِالدُّخُولِ بِالْأُخْرَى

وَرَبائِبُكُمُ اللَّاتِي فِي حُجُورِكُمْ مِنْ نِسائِكُمُ اللَّاتِي دَخَلْتُمْ بِهِنَّ). وَزَعَمُوا أَنَّ شَرْطَ الدُّخُولِ رَاجِعٌ إِلَى الْأُمَّهَاتِ وَالرَّبَائِبِ جَمِيعًا، رَوَاهُ خِلَاسٌ «٢» عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ. وَرُوِيَ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ وَجَابِرٍ وزيد ابن ثَابِتٍ، وَهُوَ قَوْلُ ابْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ وَمُجَاهِدٍ. قَالَ مُجَاهِدٌ: الدُّخُولُ مُرَادٌ فِي النَّازِلَتَيْنِ، وَقَوْلُ الْجُمْهُورِ مُخَالِفٌ لِهَذَا وَعَلَيْهِ الْحُكْمُ وَالْفُتْيَا

 

Allamah Kasani, Badai’a Sana’ia, Kitabun Nikah, Baab almuharramat bilmusaharat…, Vol 2. Pg. 259-260

وَأَمَّا الْفِرْقَةُ الثَّانِيَةُ: فَبِنْتُ الزَّوْجَةِ وَبَنَاتُهَا وَبَنَاتُ بَنَاتِهَا وَبَنِيهَا وَإِنْ سَفَلْنَ.
أَمَّا بِنْتُ زَوْجَتِهِ فَتُحَرَّمُ عَلَيْهِ بِنَصِّ الْكِتَابِ الْعَزِيزِ إذَا كَانَ دَخَلَ بِزَوْجَتِهِ فَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ دَخَلَ بِهَا فَلَا تُحَرَّمُ لِقَوْلِهِ: {وَرَبَائِبُكُمُ اللاتِي فِي حُجُورِكُمْ مِنْ نِسَائِكُمُ اللاتِي دَخَلْتُمْ بِهِنَّ فَإِنْ لَمْ تَكُونُوا دَخَلْتُمْ بِهِنَّ فَلا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ} [النساء: ٢٣] وَسَوَاءٌ كَانَتْ بِنْتُ زَوْجَتِهِ فِي حِجْرِهِ أَوْ لَا عِنْدَ عَامَّةِ الْعُلَمَاءِ

وَأَمَّا الْفِرْقَةُ الرَّابِعَةُ فَمَنْكُوحَةُ الْأَبِ وَأَجْدَادِهِ مِنْ قِبَلِ أَبِيهِ وَإِنْ عَلَوْا،.

 

Inaya. Kitabun Nikah, Fasl fi bayaanil muharamaat.., . Vol 3. Pg. 310

وَتَحْرُمُ بِنْتُ امْرَأَتِهِ الَّتِي دَخَلَ بِهَا لِثُبُوتِ قَيْدِ الدُّخُولِ بِالنَّصِّ وَهُوَ قَوْله تَعَالَى {مِنْ نِسَائِكُمُ اللاتِي دَخَلْتُمْ بِهِنَّ} [النساء: ٢٣] وَلَيْسَ كَوْنُهَا فِي الْحِجْرِ شَرْطًا. (قَالَ الْمُصَنِّفُ لِأَنَّ ذِكْرَ الْحِجْرِ) يَعْنِي فِي قَوْله تَعَالَى {وَرَبَائِبُكُمُ اللاتِي فِي حُجُورِكُمْ} [النساء: ٢٣] (خَرَجَ مَخْرَجَ الْعَادَةِ) فَإِنَّ الْعَادَةَ أَنْ تَكُونَ الْبَنَاتُ فِي حِجْرِ زَوْجِ أُمِّهَا غَالِبًا: أَيْ فِي تَرْبِيَتِهَا لَا عَلَى وَجْهِ الشَّرْطِ

 

Allamah Ibn Abideen, Radul Muhtaar, Kitabun Nikah, Fasl fil Muharamaat, Vol 3. Pg. 30

قَوْلُهُ: بِنْتُ زَوْجَتِهِ الْمَوْطُوءَةِ) أَيْ سَوَاءٌ كَانَتْ فِي حِجْرِهِ أَيْ كَنَفِهِ وَنَفَقَتِهِ أَوْ لَا، ذِكْرُ الْحِجْرِ فِي الْآيَةِ خَرَجَ مَخْرَجَ الْعَادَةِ أَوْ ذُكِرَ لِلتَّشْنِيعِ عَلَيْهِمْ كَمَا فِي الْبَحْرِ. وَاحْتَرَزَ بِالْمَوْطُوءَةِ عَنْ غَيْرِهَا، فَلَا تَحْرُمُ بِنْتُهَا بِمُجَرَّدِ الْعَقْدِ وَفِي ح عَنْ الْهِنْدِيَّةِ أَنَّ الْحُلْوَةَ بِالزَّوْجَةِ لَا تَقُومُ مَقَامَ الْوَطْءِ فِي تَحْرِيمِ بِنْتِهَا. اهـ

 

Hindiyya, Kitabun Nikah, Fasl fil Muharamaat., vol 1, pg. 274

وَالثَّانِيَةُ) بَنَاتُ الزَّوْجَةِ وَبَنَاتُ أَوْلَادِهَا وَإِنْ سَفَلْنَ بِشَرْطِ الدُّخُولِ بِالْأُمِّ، كَذَا فِي الْحَاوِي الْقُدْسِيِّ سَوَاءٌ كَانَتْ الِابْنَةُ فِي حِجْرِهِ أَوْ لَمْ تَكُنْ، كَذَا فِي شَرْحِ الْجَامِعِ الصَّغِيرِ لِقَاضِي خَانْ. وَأَصْحَابُنَا مَا أَقَامُوا الْخَلْوَةَ مَقَامَ الْوَطْءِ فِي حُرْمَةِ الْبَنَاتِ هَكَذَا فِي الذَّخِيرَةِ فِي نَوْعِ مَا يُسْتَحَقُّ بِهِ جَمِيعُ الْمَهْرِ

 

[2] Allamah Kasani, Badai’a Sana’ia, Kitabun Nikah, Baab almuharramat bilmusaharat…, Vol 2. Pg. 259-260

[فَصْلٌ الْمُحَرَّمَاتُ بِالْمُصَاهَرَةِ فَمَنْكُوحَةُ الْأَبِ وَأَجْدَادِهِ وَإِنْ عَلَوْا]

(فَصْلٌ) :

وَأَمَّا الْفِرْقَةُ الرَّابِعَةُ فَمَنْكُوحَةُ الْأَبِ وَأَجْدَادِهِ مِنْ قِبَلِ أَبِيهِ وَإِنْ عَلَوْا،.
أَمَّا مَنْكُوحَةُ الْأَبِ: فَتُحَرَّمُ بِالنَّصِّ وَهُوَ قَوْلُهُ: {وَلا تَنْكِحُوا مَا نَكَحَ آبَاؤُكُمْ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ} [النساء: ٢٢] وَالنِّكَاحُ يُذْكَرُ وَيُرَادُ بِهِ الْعَقْدُ وَسَوَاءٌ كَانَ الْأَبُ دَخَلَ بِهَا أَوْ لَا؛ لِأَنَّ اسْمَ النِّكَاحِ يَقَعُ عَلَى الْعَقْدِ وَالْوَطْءِ فَتُحَرَّمُ بِكُلِّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا عَلَى مَا نَذْكُرُ؛ وَلِأَنَّ نِكَاحَ مَنْكُوحَةِ الْأَبِ يُفْضِي إلَى قَطِيعَةِ الرَّحِمِ؛ لِأَنَّهُ إذَا فَارَقَهَا أَبُوهُ لَعَلَّهُ يَنْدَمُ فَيُرِيدُ أَنْ يُعِيدَهَا فَإِذَا نَكَحَهَا الِابْنُ أَوْحَشَهُ ذَلِكَ وَأَوْرَثَ الضَّغِينَةَ، وَذَلِكَ سَبَبُ التَّبَاعُدِ بَيْنَهُمَا وَهُوَ تَفْسِيرُ قَطِيعَةِ الرَّحِمِ وَقَطْعُ الرَّحِمِ حَرَامٌ فَكَانَ النِّكَاحُ سِرَّ سَبَبِ الْحَرَامِ وَأَنَّهُ تَنَاقُضٌ فَيُحَرَّمُ دَفْعًا لِلتَّنَاقُضِ الَّذِي هُوَ أَثَرُ السَّفَهِ وَالْجَهْلِ جَلَّ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَنْهُمَا

 

Allamah Ibn Abideen, Radul Muhtaar, Kitabun Nikah, Fasl fil Muharamaat, Vol 3. Pg.30

 

(وَ) حَرَّمَ الْمُصَاهَرَةُ ……..(وَزَوْجَةَ أَصْلِهِ وَفَرْعِهِ مُطْلَقًا) وَلَوْ بَعِيدًا دَخَلَ بِهَا أَوْ لَا

قَوْلُهُ: وَزَوْجَةُ أَصْلِهِ وَفَرْعِهِ) لِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى {وَلا تَنْكِحُوا مَا نَكَحَ آبَاؤُكُمْ} [النساء: 22]

.

[3] Hindiyya, Kitabun Nikah, Fasl fil Muharamaat, vol 1, pg 277

لَا بَأْسَ بِأَنْ يَتَزَوَّجَ الرَّجُلُ امْرَأَةً وَيَتَزَوَّجَ ابْنُهُ ابْنَتَهَا أَوْ أُمَّهَا

 

Allamah Ibn Abideen, Radul Muhtaar, Kitabun Nikah, Fasl fil Muharamaat, Vol 3. Pg.30- 31

حَرَّمَ الْمُصَاهَرَةُ (بِنْتَ زَوْجَتِهِ الْمَوْطُوءَةِ وَأُمَّ زَوْجَتِهِ) وَجَدَّاتِهَا مُطْلَقًا بِمُجَرَّدِ الْعَقْدِ الصَّحِيحِ (وَإِنْ لَمْ تُوطَأْ) الزَّوْجَة لِمَا تَقَرَّرَ أَنَّ وَطْءَ الْأُمَّهَاتِ يُحَرِّمُ الْبَنَاتِ وَنِكَاحَ الْبَنَاتِ يُحَرِّمُ الْأُمَّهَاتِ، وَيَدْخُلُ بَنَاتُ الرَّبِيبَةِ وَالرَّبِيبِ. وَفِي الْكَشَّافِ وَاللَّمْسُ وَنَحْوُهُ كَالدُّخُولِ عِنْدَ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ وَأَقَرَّهُ الْمُصَنِّفُ (وَزَوْجَةَ أَصْلِهِ وَفَرْعِهِ مُطْلَقًا) وَلَوْ بَعِيدًا دَخَلَ بِهَا أَوْ لَا. وَأَمَّا بِنْتُ زَوْجَةِ أَبِيهِ أَوْ ابْنُهُ فَحَلَالٌ (وَ) حَرُمَ (الْكُلُّ) مِمَّا مَرَّ تَحْرِيمُهُ نَسَبًا، وَمُصَاهَرَةً (رَضَاعًا) إلَّا مَا اُسْتُثْنِيَ فِي بَابِهِ. .

قَوْلُهُ: وَأَمَّا بِنْتُ زَوْجَةِ أَبِيهِ أَوْ ابْنِهِ فَحَلَالٌ) وَكَذَا بِنْتُ ابْنِهَا بَحْرٌ.
قَالَ الْخَيْرُ الرَّمْلِيُّ: وَلَا تَحْرُمُ بِنْتُ زَوْجِ الْأُمِّ وَلَا أُمُّهُ وَلَا أُمُّ زَوْجَةِ الْأَبِ وَلَا بِنْتُهَا وَلَا أُمُّ زَوْجَةِ الِابْنِ وَلَا بِنْتُهَا وَلَا زَوْجَةُ الرَّبِيبِ وَلَا زَوْجَةُ الرَّابِّ

Ibn Nujaym, Al-Bahr Raiq, Kitabun Nikah, Fasl fil Muharamaat, vol 3, pg. 100

فَلَا تَحْرُمُ بِنْتُ زَوْجَةِ الِابْنِ وَلَا بِنْتُ ابْنِ زَوْجَةِ الِابْنِ وَلَا بِنْتُ زَوْجَةِ الْأَبِ وَلَا بِنْتُ ابْنِ زَوْجَةِ الْأَبِ

Can Wedding expenses contribute to Mahr?

28th September 2020

 

Question: Can wedding expenses such as food preparation, venue booking, limos contribute to as mahr?

 

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

 

Answer

In reference to your query, to be clear mahr or known as dowry, is what the groom gives to the bride at the time or after the Nikah between them. The mahr is the right which the Shariah obligates the man to give to his bride in exchange of her hand in marriage to himself.  One of the essential conditions is for her to be given complete ownership over the dowry since she is giving herself access to him.[1] Paying for all of the wedding expenses does not constitute towards her dowry due to the absence of her ownership and moreover, the wedding expenses is used to accommodate the guests whereas the mahr is not for the guests but for her.

As a recommendation, when it comes to celebrating weddings, one must celebrate a simple wedding and avoid extravagance. A simple wedding transpires great blessings in the marriage as stated by our beloved Messenger sallallahu alayhi wasallam where he said, “Verily the greatest of blessings in a Nikah is the one with the least expenditure.”[2] This suggests that where the minimal expenses used is sufficient to comfortably accommodate the guests then that becomes a source of blessings for the wedded couple.

 

 [Allãh Knows Best]

 

Written and researched by (Mufti) Abdul Waheed

Answer Attested by Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

 

 

[1] Kasān, Badā’i Sanāi, Kitāb al-Nikah, vol 3 p. 513-4

[فَصْلٌ بَيَانُ مَا يَجِبُ بِهِ الْمَهْرُ]

وَالْمَهْرُ يَجِبُ بِمُقَابَلَةِ إحْدَاثِ الْمِلْكِ؛ وَلِأَنَّهُ عَقْدُ مُعَاوَضَةٍ وَهُوَ مُعَاوَضَةُ الْبُضْعِ بِالْمَهْرِ فَيَقْتَضِي وُجُوبَ الْعِوَضِ كَالْبَيْعِ، سَوَاءٌ كَانَ الْمَهْرُ مَفْرُوضًا فِي الْعَقْدِ أَوْ لَمْ يَكُنْ عِنْدَنَا۔۔۔

وَإِذَا طَالَبَتْ الْمَرْأَةُ بِالْمَهْرِ يَجِبُ عَلَى الزَّوْجِ تَسْلِيمُهُ أَوَّلًا؛ لِأَنَّ حَقَّ الزَّوْجِ فِي الْمَرْأَةِ مُتَعَيِّنٌ، وَحَقُّ الْمَرْأَةِ فِي الْمَهْرِ لَمْ يَتَعَيَّنْ بِالْعَقْدِ، وَإِنَّمَا يَتَعَيَّنُ بِالْقَبْضِ فَوَجَبَ عَلَى الزَّوْجِ التَّسْلِيمُ عِنْدَ الْمُطَالَبَةِ لِيَتَعَيَّنَ

 

[2] Mishkat al-Masabeeh, Book of Nikah, No. 3097

عَنْ عَائِشَةَ – رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهَا، قَالَتْ: قَالَ النَّبِيُّ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ -: «إِنَّ أَعْظَمَ النِّكَاحِ بَرَكَةً أَيْسَرُهُ مُؤْنَةً» . رَوَاهُمَا الْبَيْهَقِيُّ فِي شُعَبِ الْإِيمَانِ.

Force Marriage in Islām

Force Marriage in Islām

1st August 2020

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته

Question: I Like some clarification on whether a father is Islamically allowed to force his daughter to marry someone she does not wish to marry. I was under the impression that the general principle is that there is no force in Islam – wouldn’t that then mean that a father (or any of her wali) ‘cannot’ force his daughter to marry?  I was told a few days ago, by someone studied, that the permissibility of forced marriage was the view of Imam Abu Hanifah (rahimahullah), but, I just cannot seem to reconcile between this view and the general principle mentioned above.

 

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

 

Answer:

In reference to the above question, the standard position in the Hanafi school is that a father or wali cannot force his daughter to marry against her will.[1] Islām has given her the final decision as to whether to accept the marriage proposal or not.[2] This means that they should be consulted before marriage.

The Prophet sallallahu alayhi wasallam said, “A previously married women should not be married off until consulted and neither a virgin girl (should be married off) except with her permission.”[3]   Furthermore, the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wasallam gave choices to the girls who were forced by their fathers to marry against their wills, to either stay in the marriage contract or to annul it.[4]  Sayyiduna Abdullah Ibn Abbas radhiyallahu anhu narrates that a young girl came to the Prophet sallallahu alayhi wasallam, complaining that her father had forcefully married her off, and she disliked the situation she was currently in. The Prophet sallallahu alayhi wasallam gave her a choice, i.e. to either continue with the marriage or to annul it.[5]

The above was the case of not marrying the daughter off by force against her will. As a side note though that if the parents recommend a potential rishta who is compatible with her and are being reasonable with her then she should not refuse the rishta considering that parents generally are well experienced in matters pertaining to marriage.

 

 Allāh Knows Best

 

Written by:  Apa Gul-e-Maryam         Reviewed by: Mufti Abdul Waheed

Attested by: Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

 

 

 

[1] Mirqaat Mafeteeh, [بَابُ الْوَلِيِّ فِي النِّكَاحِ وَاسْتِئْذَانِ الْمَرْأَةِ], Vol 5, Pg. 2060

وَكُلُّ امْرَأَةٍ بَلَغَتْ فَهِيَ أَحَقُّ بِنَفْسِهَا مِنْ وَلِيِّهَا وَعَقْدُهَا عَلَى نَفْسِهَا بِالنِّكَاحِ صَحِيحٌ، وَبِهِ قَالَ الشَّعْبِيُّ وَالزَّهْرِيُّ قَالُوا: وَلَيْسَ الْوَلِيُّ مِنْ أَرْكَانِ صِحَّةِ النِّكَاحِ بَلْ مِنْ تَمَامِهِ،

 

[2]Fatawa Hindiyya, Vol1, Pg 269


[الْبَابُ الْأَوَّلُ فِي تَفْسِيرِ النِّكَاحِ شَرْعًا وَصِفَتِهِ وَرُكْنِهِ وَشَرْطِهِ وَحُكْمِهِ]
,

وَمِنْهَا) رِضَا الْمَرْأَةِ إذَا كَانَتْ بَالِغَةً بِكْرًا كَانَتْ أَوْ ثَيِّبًا فَلَا يَمْلِكُ الْوَلِيُّ إجْبَارَهَا عَلَى النِّكَاحِ عِنْدَنَا، كَذَا فِي فَتَاوَى قَاضِي خَانْ

 

[3] Abu Dawood, No: 2092

بَابٌ فِي الِاسْتِئْمَارِ

حَدَّثَنَا مُسْلِمُ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، حَدَّثَنَا أَبَانُ، حَدَّثَنَا يَحْيَى، عَنْ أَبِي سَلَمَةَ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: «لَا تُنْكَحُ الثَّيِّبُ حَتَّى تُسْتَأْمَرَ، وَلَا الْبِكْرُ إِلَّا بِإِذْنِهَا» قَالُوا: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، وَمَا إِذْنُهَا قَالَ: «أَنْ تَسْكُتَ»

 

Maalim Sunan, ,Vol 3,Pg 203

 ومن باب البكر يزوجها أبوها ولا يستأمرها

قال: حَدَّثنا حسين بن محمد، قال: حَدَّثنا جرير بن حازم عن أيوب عن عكرمة عن ابن عباس أن جارية بكراً أتت النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فذكرت أن أباها زوجها وهي كارهة فخيرها النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم.
قال الشيخ ففى هذا الحديث حجة لمن لم ير نكاح الأب ابنته البكر جائزاً إلا يإذنها. وفيه أيضاً حجة لمن رأى عقد النكاح يثبت مع الخيار

 

Mabsoot Sarakhsi, Vol 4, Pg 212

 [بَابُ نِكَاحِ الصَّغِيرِ وَالصَّغِيرَةِ],

لَا تَرَى أَنَّهُ رُوِيَ عَنْ ابْنِ عُمَرَ – رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمَا – أَنَّهُ قَالَ: وَاَللَّهِ لَقَدْ اُنْتُزِعَتْ مِنِّي بَعْدَ أَنْ مَلَكْتُهَا فَإِذَا ثَبَتَ جَوَازُ تَزْوِيجِ الْأَوْلِيَاءِ الصَّغِيرَ وَالصَّغِيرَةَ فَلَهُمَا الْخِيَارُ إذَا أَدْرَكَا فِي قَوْلِ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ وَمُحَمَّدٍ – رَحِمَهُمَا اللَّهُ تَعَالَى – وَهُوَ قَوْلُ ابْنِ عُمَرَ وَأَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ – رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمَا – وَبِهِ كَانَ يَقُولُ أَبُو يُوسُفَ – رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى -، ثُمَّ رَجَعَ، وَقَالَ: لَا خِيَارَ لَهُمَا،

 

[5] Nayl Awtar, vol 6, Pg 143

[بَابُ مَا جَاءَ فِي الْإِجْبَارِ وَالِاسْتِئْمَارِ],

 (وَعَنْ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ: «أَنَّ جَارِيَةً بِكْرًا أَتَتْ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ – فَذَكَرَتْ أَنَّ أَبَاهَا زَوَّجَهَا وَهِيَ كَارِهَةٌ، فَخَيَّرَهَا النَّبِيُّ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ -» رَوَاهُ أَحْمَدُ وَأَبُو دَاوُد وَابْنُ مَاجَهْ وَالدَّارَقُطْنِيّ، وَرَوَاهُ الدَّارَقُطْنِيّ أَيْضًا عَنْ عِكْرِمَةَ عَنْ النَّبِيِّ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ – مُرْسَلًا وَذَكَرَ أَنَّهُ أَصَحُّ) …..

لْحَدِيثُ أَوْرَدَهُ الْمُصَنِّفُ لِلِاسْتِدْلَالِ بِهِ عَلَى أَنَّهُ يَجُوزُ لِلْأَبِ أَنْ يُزَوِّجَ ابْنَتَهُ الصَّغِيرَةَ بِغَيْرِ اسْتِئْذَانِهَا، وَلَعَلَّهُ أَخَذَ ذَلِكَ مِنْ عَدَمِ ذِكْرِ الِاسْتِئْذَانِ

 

See Bathlul Majhood,Kitabun Nikah, Hadith 2097,Vol 7,Pg 678-679

Non-Muslim Couple Accepting Islām

Non-Muslim Couple Accepting Islām

22nd June 2020

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته

Question: What happens to a non-Muslim couple who are married, and both of them convert to Islām? What is the ruling of their marriage according to Hanafi fiqh?

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

 

Answer

In reference to your query if both husband and wife[1] accept Islām then the marriage between them will remain valid.[2] If however, one partner refuses to accept Islām then the marriage breaks on the basis of rejection.[3]

 

[Allāh Knows Best]

 

Written by:  Apa Gul-e-Maryam        Reviewed by: Mufti Abdul Waheed

Attested by: Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

 

[1] Badai Sanai, Kitab Nikah, Vol 2, Pg 270

ومنها أن لا تكون المرأة مشركة إذا كان الرجل مسلما، فلا يجوز للمسلم أن ينكح المشركة؛ لقوله تعالى: {ولا تنكحوا المشركات حتى يؤمن} [البقرة: 221] ، ويجوز أن ينكح الكتابية؛ لقوله عز وجل: {والمحصنات من الذين أوتوا الكتاب من قبلكم}

 

[2]Hidaya, Kitab Nikah, Vol 1, Pg 213

وإذا أسلمت المرأة وزوجها كافر عرض القاضي عليه الإسلام فإن أسلم فهي امرأته وإن أبى فرق بينهما وكان ذلك طلاقا عند أبي حنيفة ومحمد رحمهما الله وإن أسلم الزوج وتحته مجوسية عرض عليها الإسلام فإن أسلمت فهي امرأته وإن أبت فرق القاضي بينهما ولم تكن الفرقة بينهما طلاقا

 

 

[3] Ikhtiyaar Ali Ta’leel Mukhtaat, Kitab Nikah, Vol 3, Pg 113

قال: (وإذا أسلمت امرأة الكافر عرض عليه الإسلام) تحصيلا لمصالح النكاح بالإسلام؛ لأنها قد فاتت بإسلامها. (فإن أسلم فهي امرأته) كما إذا أسلما معا، (وإلا فرق بينهما) ؛ لأن الإسلام لا يصلح أن يكون سببا للفرقة؛ لما أنه طاعة وعبادة، فيجعل إباؤه سببا لفوات مصالح النكاح عقوبة. (وتكون الفرقة طلاقا)

Does an Ex-Mother In-Law or Ex Father In-Law Remain your Mahram?

Does an Ex-Mother In-Law or Ex Father In-Law Remain your Mahram?

12thFeruary 2020

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته

Question: A married couple – who have had a child together – are now divorced. Does the ex-mother-in-law/ex-father-in-law remain as mahaarim to the man and woman, respectively?

 

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

 

Answer

In reference to your particular question, the ex-mother in-law/father in-law remains a mahram even after divorce. According to a prophetic narration, the Messenger of Allah sallallahu alayhi wasallam said, “Any man who marries a woman and then divorces her before he consummates with her then he can marry her daughter but not her mother.”[1]According to Hasan al-Basri rahimahullah, it is makrooh (not permitted) for a woman to marry her husband’s father after divorce due to the Quranic verse, “…(and prohibited for you to marry] the wives of your sons” [4:23].[2] This the same view which the mainstream Hanafies have adopted. This suggests that even after divorce the mother/father in-law still remain a mahram.

 

 

[Allãh Knows Best]

 

 

 

Written by (Mufti) Abdul Waheed

Answer Attested by Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

 

[1] Kasān, Badā’i Sanāi, Kitāb al-Nikah, Fasl Muharramat bil Musaharat, vol 2 p. 258 – shamila

وَرُوِيَ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُمَرَ – رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمَا – عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ – أَنَّهُ قَالَ: «إذَا نَكَحَ الرَّجُلُ امْرَأَةً ثُمَّ طَلَّقَهَا قَبْلَ أَنْ يَدْخُلَ بِهَا فَلَهُ أَنْ يَتَزَوَّجَ ابْنَتَهَا وَلَيْسَ لَهُ أَنْ يَتَزَوَّجَ الْأُمَّ» وَهَذَا نَصٌّ فِي الْمَسْأَلَتَيْنِ، وَعَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ شُعَيْبٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ جَدِّهِ – رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمْ – قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ: – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ – «أَيُّمَا رَجُلٍ تَزَوَّجَ امْرَأَةً فَطَلَّقَهَا قَبْلَ أَنْ يَدْخُلَ بِهَا أَوْ مَاتَتْ عِنْدَهُ فَلَا بَأْسَ أَنْ يَتَزَوَّجَ بِنْتَهَا، وَأَيُّمَا رَجُلٍ تَزَوَّجَ امْرَأَةَ فَطَلَّقَهَا قَبْلَ أَنْ يَدْخُلَ بِهَا أَوْ مَاتَتْ عِنْدَهُ فَلَا يَحِلُّ لَهُ أَنْ يَتَزَوَّجَ أُمَّهَا»

 

[2] Musannaf ibn Abi Shaybah

16214 – أَبُو دَاوُدَ، عَنْ أَبِي حُرَّةَ، عَنِ الْحَسَنِ، فِي الرَّجُلِ تَزَوَّجَ امْرَأَةً فَطَلَّقَهَا قَبْلَ أَنْ يَدْخُلَ بِهَا أَيَتَزَوَّجُهَا أَبُوهُ؟ فَكَرِهَ، وَقَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: {وَحَلَائِلُ أَبْنَائِكُمْ} [النساء: 23]

 

Demanding Gold after Separation

Demanding Gold after Separation

                13th August 2019

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته

Question: We tend to hear from the husband that gold must be returned as it was given by him or his family at the time of marriage. They claim that as the marriage has come to an end the gold must be returned or the value of it shared between them during settlement negotiations. Our understanding is that a gift is a gift regardless of who gave it or when it was given and that the gold would be the wife’s asset. Is this correct? Please, could you provide us with a clear, detailed response so our mediators have the correct information about what the ruling is and not hearsay from clients who only give their version of what they believe to be true? We would also like to receive information about dowry which we understand is an agreement signed during the Islamic marriage as part of the Nikah. What is the ruling on dowry upon separation and divorce?

 

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

 

Answer

The question of returning the gold or not depends on the specific cultural practice of the family. Culture practices vary in this respect, as in some gift the gold with the intention of complete ownership whilst others give it without doing so and retrieve it when the marriage breaks down. The bride generally acknowledges this because of being familiar with the dominant cultural practice of the time. The variant customs exist due to differences in the ethnic and societal norms and the Islamic tradition treats customs; known as urf as a legitimate role in determining rulings in the absence of clear evidence.[1] The ruling, therefore, depends on the dominant practice vis -a- vis to that particular family culture.

From our understanding, it is plausible to assume that many families nowadays that give gold at the time of marriage [or even just before it] under the name of jahaiz [which separate from dowry] is considered a gift, which means that the bride takes full ownership of it which as a result, the groom’s family cannot demand it after divorce.[2] Should a dispute arise in such a case, then the classical jurists outline a principle that rulings are determined by the normative practice and any such claims contrary to this normative practice will not be accepted without evidence. They quote the example of a dispute between both the husband and wife regarding an item given to her besides the dowry whether it was a gift or not. If the husband asserted that it was loaned to her but she claimed that it was a gift then his claim will not be accepted unless he takes an oath, in which case the wife must present witnesses to counter it if need be.[3]

So principally, relative to the dominant custom of today, the gold given at the time of marriage under the name of jahaiz is considered a gift solely belonging to the girl which the groom’s family cannot demand after separation. Should the husband claim it was borrowed or otherwise then he must present evidence whether in the form of witnesses or taking an oath. This is only when the gold was gifted in addition to the dowry (mahr) otherwise if it was included as part of the dowry agreement then the bride takes full ownership of it regardless according to Islamic principles.

Concerning the matter of dowry itself commonly referred to as mahr, this is different from jahaiz. Mahr is what the Shariah instructs the man to give to the girl after marriage. According to the Quranic principles, it is not permitted from the husband to reclaim the mahr after divorce under normal circumstances except only if she consents to return the mahr in exchange of releasing her from his marriage. This is known khula’, which is an alternative strategy in the wife’s favour to redeem herself from a troublesome marriage when her husband refuses to divorce her. In the khula’ agreement, jurists have commented that if the separation was due to the wife’s misconduct then the husband can only take the mahr and nothing extra, but if the separation was on the account of the husband’s misconduct then it is disliked for him to take the mahr but should instead divorce her. If he takes the mahr anyways then it is permissible.[4]

 

[Allãh Knows Best]

 

Written by (Mufti) Abdul Waheed

Answer Attested by Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

 

[1] Ibn Nujaym, Al-Ashbah wa-Nazair, iQa’idah Sadsah- Adat Muhkamah, p. 79

وَأَصْلُهَا قَوْلُهُ عَلَيْهِ الصَّلَاةُ وَالسَّلَامُ {مَا رَآهُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ حَسَنًا فَهُوَ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ حَسَنٌ} قَالَ الْعَلَائِيُّ: لَمْ أَجِدْهُ مَرْفُوعًا فِي شَيْءٍ مِنْ كُتُبِ الْحَدِيثِ أَصْلًا، وَلَا بِسَنَدٍ ضَعِيفٍ بَعْدَ طُولِ الْبَحْثِ، وَكَثْرَةِ الْكَشْفِ وَالسُّؤَالِ، وَإِنَّمَا هُوَ مِنْ قَوْلِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ مَسْعُودٍ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَنْهُ مَرْفُوعًا عَلَيْهِ أَخْرَجَهُ أَحْمَدُ فِي مُسْنَدِهِ. وَاعْلَمْ أَنَّ اعْتِبَارَ الْعَادَةِ وَالْعُرْفِ يُرْجَعُ إلَيْهِ فِي الْفِقْهِ فِي مَسَائِلَ كَثِيرَةٍ حَتَّى جَعَلُوا ذَلِكَ أَصْلًا، فَقَالُوا فِي الْأُصُولِ فِي بَابِ مَا تُتْرَكُ بِهِ الْحَقِيقَةُ: تُتْرَكُ الْحَقِيقَةُ بِدَلَالَةِ الِاسْتِعْمَالِ وَالْعَادَةِ.كَذَا ذَكَرَ فَخْرُ الْإِسْلَامِ.

[2] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb al-Nikāh, Bāb mahr, vol 4 p. 303

قَالَ فِي النَّهْرِ: وَأَقُولُ وَيَنْبَغِي أَنْ لَا يُقْبَلَ قَوْلُهُ أَيْضًا فِي الثِّيَابِ الْمَحْمُولَةِ مَعَ السَّكَرِ وَنَحْوِهِ لِلْعُرْفِ. اهـ. قُلْت: وَمِنْ ذَلِكَ مَا يَبْعَثُهُ إلَيْهَا قَبْلَ الزِّفَافِ فِي الْأَعْيَادِ وَالْمَوَاسِمِ مِنْ نَحْوِ ثِيَابٍ وَحُلِيٍّ، وَكَذَا مَا يُعْطِيهَا مِنْ ذَلِكَ أَوْ مِنْ دَرَاهِمَ أَوْ دَنَانِيرَ صَبِيحَةَ لَيْلَةِ الْعُرْسِ وَيُسَمَّى فِي الْعُرْفِ صُبْحَةً، فَإِنَّ كُلَّ ذَلِكَ تُعُورِفَ فِي زَمَانِنَا كَوْنُهُ هَدِيَّةً لَا مِنْ الْمَهْرِ وَلَا سِيَّمَا الْمُسَمَّى صُبْحَةٌ، فَإِنَّ الزَّوْجَةَ تُعَوِّضُهُ عَنْهَا ثِيَابُهَا وَنَحْوُهَا صَبِيحَةَ الْعُرْسِ أَيْضًا (قَوْلُهُ وَلِذَا قَالَ الْفَقِيهُ) أَيْ أَبُو اللَّيْثِ (قَوْلُهُ كَخُفٍّ وَمِلَاءَةٍ) لِأَنَّهُ لَا يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ تَمْكِينُهَا مِنْ الْخُرُوجِ بَلْ يَجِبُ مَنْعُهَا إلَّا فِيمَا سَنَذْكُرُهُ فَتْحٌ.

Fatawa Hindiyyah, Kitāb al-Nikāh, Bāb al-mahr- fasl sadis ashar fi jihaz bint, vol 1, p. 359

وَإِذَا بَعَثَ الزَّوْجُ إلَى أَهْلِ زَوْجَتِهِ أَشْيَاءَ عِنْدَ زِفَافِهَا مِنْهَا دِيبَاجٌ فَلَمَّا زُفَّتْ إلَيْهِ أَرَادَ أَنْ يَسْتَرِدَّ مِنْ الْمَرْأَةِ الدِّيبَاجَ لَيْسَ لَهُ ذَلِكَ إذَا بَعَثَ إلَيْهَا عَلَى جِهَةِ التَّمْلِيكِ، كَذَا فِي الْفُصُولِ الْعِمَادِيَّةِ.

 

[3] Durrul Mukhtār wa hashiyah Ibn Ābideen Shāmi, Kitāb al-Nikāh, Bāb mahr, vol 4 p. 301-2

(وَلَوْ بَعَثَ إلَى امْرَأَتِهِ شَيْئًا وَلَمْ يَذْكُرْ جِهَةً عِنْدَ الدَّفْعِ غَيْرَ) جِهَةِ (الْمَهْرِ) كَقَوْلِهِ لِشَمْعٍ أَوْ حِنَّاءٍ ثُمَّ قَالَ إنَّهُ مِنْ الْمَهْرِ لَمْ يُقْبَلْ قُنْيَةٌ لِوُقُوعِهِ هَدِيَّةً فَلَا يَنْقَلِبُ مَهْرًا (فَقَالَتْ هُوَ) أَيْ الْمَبْعُوثُ (هَدِيَّةً وَقَالَ هُوَ مِنْ الْمَهْرِ) أَوْ مِنْ الْكِسْوَةِ أَوْ عَارِيَّةٌ (فَالْقَوْلُ لَهُ) بِيَمِينِهِ وَالْبَيِّنَةُ لَهَا، فَإِنْ حَلَفَ وَالْمَبْعُوثُ قَائِمٌ فَلَهَا أَنْ تَرُدَّهُ – وَتَرْجِعُ بِبَاقِي الْمَهْرِ ذَكَرَهُ ابْنُ الْكَمَالِ. وَلَوْ عَوَّضَتْهُ ثُمَّ ادَّعَاهُ عَارِيَّةً فَلَهَا أَنْ تَسْتَرِدَّ الْعِوَضَ مِنْ جِنْسِهِ زَيْلَعِيٌّ (فِي غَيْرِ الْمُهَيَّإِ لِلْأَكْلِ) كَثِيَابٍ وَشَاةٍ حَيَّةٍ وَسَمْنٍ وَعَسَلٍ وَمَا يَبْقَى شَهْرًا أَخِي زَادَهْ

(قَوْلُهُ وَلَوْ بَعَثَ إلَى امْرَأَتِهِ شَيْئًا) أَيْ مِنْ النَّقْدَيْنِ أَوْ الْعُرُوضِ أَوْ مِمَّا يُؤْكَلُ قَبْلَ الزِّفَافِ أَوْ بَعْدَ مَا بَنَى بِهَا نَهْرٌ (قَوْلُهُ وَلَمْ يَذْكُرْ إلَخْ) الْمُرَادُ أَنَّهُ لَمْ يَذْكُرْ الْمَهْرَ وَلَا غَيْرَهُ ط (قَوْلُهُ كَقَوْلِهِ إلَخْ) تَمْثِيلٌ لِلْمَنْفِيِّ وَهُوَ يَذْكُرُ (قَوْلُهُ وَالْبَيِّنَةُ لَهَا) أَيْ إذَا أَقَامَ كُلٌّ مِنْهُمَا بَيِّنَةً تُقَدَّمُ بَيِّنَتُهَا ط (قَوْلُهُ فَلَهَا أَنْ تَرُدَّهُ) لِأَنَّهَا لَمْ تَرْضَ بِكَوْنِهِ مَهْرًا بَحْرٌ قَوْلُهُ وَتَرْجِعُ بِبَاقِي الْمَهْرِ) أَوْ كُلِّهِ إنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ دَفَعَ لَهَا شَيْئًا مِنْهُ

(وَ) الْقَوْلُ (لَهَا) بِيَمِينِهَا (فِي الْمُهَيَّإِ لَهُ) كَخُبْزٍ وَلَحْمٍ مَشْوِيٍّ لِأَنَّ الظَّاهِرَ يُكَذِّبُهُ، وَلِذَا قَالَ الْفَقِيهُ: الْمُخْتَارُ أَنَّهُ يُصَدَّقُ فِيمَا لَا يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ كَخُفٍّ وَمُلَاءَةٍ لَا فِيمَا يَجِبُ كَخِمَارٍ وَدِرْعٍ، يَعْنِي مَا لَمْ يَدَّعِ أَنَّهُ كِسْوَةٌ لِأَنَّ الظَّاهِرَ مَعَهُ.

قَالَ فِي الْفَتْحِ: وَاَلَّذِي يَجِبُ اعْتِبَارُهُ فِي دِيَارِنَا أَنَّ جَمِيعَ مَا ذُكِرَ مِنْ الْحِنْطَةِ وَاللَّوْزِ وَالدَّقِيقِ وَالسَّكَرِ وَالشَّاةِ الْحَيَّةِ وَبَاقِيهَا يَكُونُ الْقَوْلُ فِيهَا قَوْلَ الْمَرْأَةِ لِأَنَّ الْمُتَعَارَفَ فِي ذَلِكَ كُلِّهِ أَنْ يُرْسِلَهُ هَدِيَّةً وَالظَّاهِرُ مَعَهَا لَا مَعَهُ، وَلَا يَكُونُ الْقَوْلُ إلَّا فِي نَحْوِ الثِّيَابِ وَالْجَارِيَةِ اهـ. قَالَ فِي الْبَحْرِ: وَهَذَا الْبَحْثُ مُوَافِقٌ لِمَا فِي الْجَامِعِ الصَّغِيرِ، فَإِنَّهُ قَالَ إلَّا فِي الطَّعَامِ الَّذِي يُؤْكَلُ فَإِنَّهُ أَعَمُّ مِنْ الْمُهَيَّأِ لِلْأَكْلِ وَغَيْرِهِ اهـ……….

قُلْت: يَنْبَغِي تَقْيِيدُ ذَلِكَ بِمَا لَمْ تَجْرِ بِهِ الْعَادَةُ، لِمَا حَرَّرْنَاهُ مِنْ أَنَّ ذَلِكَ فِي عُرْفِنَا يَلْزَمُ الزَّوْجَ وَأَنَّهُ مِنْ جُمْلَةِ الْمَهْرِ كَمَا قَدَّمْنَاهُ عَنْ الْمُلْتَقَطِ أَنَّ لَهَا مَنْعَ نَفْسِهَا لِلْمَشْرُوطِ عَادَةً كَالْخُفِّ وَالْمِكْعَبِ وَدِيبَاجِ اللِّفَافَةِ وَدَرَاهِمِ السَّكَرِ إلَخْ وَمِثْلُهُ فِي عُرْفِنَا مَنَاشِفُ الْحَمَّامِ وَنَحْوُهَا، فَإِنَّ ذَلِكَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الْمَشْرُوطِ فِي الْمَهْرِ فَيَلْزَمُهُ دَفْعُهُ وَلَا يُنَافِيهِ وُجُوبُ مَنْعِهَا مِنْ الْخُرُوجِ وَالْحَمَّامِ كَمَا لَا يَخْفَى (قَوْلُهُ كَخِمَارٍ وَدِرْعٍ) وَمَتَاعِ الْبَيْتِ بَحْرٌ، فَمَتَاعُ الْبَيْتِ وَاجِبٌ عَلَيْهِ؛ فَهَذَا مَحَلُّ ذِكْرِهِ فَافْهَمْ، وَسَيَذْكُرُ الْمُصَنِّفُ فِي النَّفَقَةِ أَنَّهُ يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ الطَّحْنُ آلَةُ الطَّحْنِ وَآنِيَةُ شَرَابٍ وَطَبْخٍ كَكُوزٍ وَجَرَّةٍ وَقِدْرٍ وَمِغْرَفَةٍ. قَالَ الشَّارِحُ: وَكَذَا سَائِرُ أَدَوَاتِ الْبَيْتِ كَحَصِيرٍ وَلِبْدٍ وَطَنْفَسَةٍ إلَخْ (قَوْلُهُ مَا لَمْ يَدَّعِ أَنَّهُ كِسْوَةٌ) هَذَا تَقْيِيدٌ مِنْ عِنْدِ صَاحِبِ الْفَتْحِ وَأَقَرَّهُ فِي الْبَحْرِ: أَيْ أَنَّ مَا يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ لَوْ ادَّعَاهُ مَهْرًا لَا يُصَدَّقُ لِأَنَّ الظَّاهِرَ يُكَذِّبُهُ، أَمَّا لَوْ ادَّعَى أَنَّهُ كِسْوَةٌ وَادَّعَتْ أَنَّهُ هَدِيَّةٌ فَالْقَوْلُ لَهُ لِأَنَّ الظَّاهِرَ مَعَهُ

Ibn Nujaym, Bahr Rāiq, Kitāb al-Nikāh, Bāb mahr, vol 3 p. 321

(قَوْلُهُ وَمَنْ بَعَثَ إلَى امْرَأَتِهِ شَيْئًا، فَقَالَتْ هُوَ هَدِيَّةٌ وَقَالَ هُوَ مِنْ الْمَهْرِ فَالْقَوْلُ قَوْلُهُ فِي غَيْرِ الْمُهَيَّأِ لِلْأَكْلِ) ؛ لِأَنَّهُ الْمُمَلِّكُ فَكَانَ أَعْرَفَ بِجِهَةِ التَّمْلِيكِ كَيْفَ وَإِنَّ الظَّاهِرَ أَنَّهُ يَسْعَى فِي إسْقَاطِ الْوَاجِبِ إلَّا فِيمَا يُتَعَارَفُ هَدِيَّةً وَهُوَ الْمُهَيَّأُ لِلْأَكْلِ؛ لِأَنَّهُ مُتَنَاقِضٌ عُرْفًا وَفَسَّرَ الْإِمَامُ الْوَلْوَالِجِيُّ الْمُهَيَّأَ لِلْأَكْلِ بِمَا لَا يَبْقَى وَيَفْسُدُ فَخَرَجَ نَحْوُ التَّمْرِ وَالدَّقِيقِ وَالْعَسَلِ فَإِنَّ الْقَوْلَ فِيهِ قَوْلُهُ اهـ. وَدَخَلَ تَحْتَ غَيْرِ الْمُهَيَّأِ لِلْأَكْلِ الثِّيَابُ مُطْلَقًا فَالْقَوْلُ فِيهَا قَوْلُهُ وَقَالَ الْفَقِيهُ أَبُو اللَّيْثِ الْمُخْتَارُ أَنَّ مَا كَانَ مِنْ مَتَاعٍ سِوَى مَا يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ فَالْقَوْلُ لَهُ وَإِلَّا فَلَهَا كَالدِّرْعِ وَالْخِمَارِ وَمَتَاعِ الْبَيْتِ؛ لِأَنَّ الظَّاهِرُ يُكَذِّبُهُ وَالْخُفُّ وَالْمُلَاءَةُ لَا تَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ وَهَذَا كُلُّهُ إذَا لَمْ يَذْكُرْ وَقْتَ الدَّفْعِ جِهَةً أُخْرَى غَيْرَ الْمَهْرِ فَإِنْ ذَكَرَ وَقَالَ اصْرِفُوا بَعْضَ الدَّنَانِيرِ إلَى الشَّمْعِ وَبَعْضَهَا إلَى الْحِنَّاءِ لَا يُقْبَلُ قَوْلُهُ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ مِنْ الْمَهْرِ كَمَا فِي الْقُنْيَةِ.

[4] الطَّلَاقُ مَرَّتَانِ فَإِمْسَاكٌ بِمَعْرُوفٍ أَوْ تَسْرِيحٌ بِإِحْسَانٍ وَلَا يَحِلُّ لَكُمْ أَنْ تَأْخُذُوا مِمَّا آتَيْتُمُوهُنَّ شَيْئًا إِلَّا أَنْ يَخَافَا أَلَّا يُقِيمَا حُدُودَ اللَّهِ فَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ أَلَّا يُقِيمَا حُدُودَ اللَّهِ فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْهِمَا فِيمَا افْتَدَتْ بِهِ تِلْكَ حُدُودُ اللَّهِ فَلَا تَعْتَدُوهَا وَمَنْ يَتَعَدَّ حُدُودَ اللَّهِ فَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الظَّالِمُونَ (229)

 

Jassās, Ahkām al-Qur’ān, vol 2 p. 89-90

قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى وَلا يَحِلُّ لَكُمْ أَنْ تَأْخُذُوا مِمَّا آتَيْتُمُوهُنَّ شَيْئاً إِلَّا أَنْ يَخافا أَلَّا يُقِيما حُدُودَ اللَّهِ فَحَظَرَ عَلَى الزَّوْجِ بِهَذِهِ الْآيَةِ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ مِنْهَا شَيْئًا مِمَّا أَعْطَاهَا إلَّا عَلَى الشَّرِيطَةِ كَمَا أَنَّ قَوْله تَعَالَى فَلا تَقُلْ لَهُما أُفٍّ قَدْ دَلَّ عَلَى حَظْرِ مَا فَوْقَهُ مِنْ ضَرْبٍ أَوْ شَتْمٍ۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔يَعْنِي مَا ظَنَنْت وَهَذَا الْخَوْفُ مِنْ تَرْكِ إقَامَةِ حُدُودِ اللَّهِ عَلَى وَجْهَيْنِ إمَّا أن يكون أحدهما سىء الْخُلُقِ أَوْ جَمِيعًا فَيُفْضِي بِهِمَا ذَلِكَ إلَى تَرْكِ إقَامَةِ حُدُودِ اللَّهِ فِيمَا أَلْزَمَ كُلَّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا مِنْ حُقُوقِ النِّكَاحِ فِي قَوْله تعالى وَلَهُنَّ مِثْلُ الَّذِي عَلَيْهِنَّ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَإِمَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ أَحَدُهُمَا مُبْغِضًا لِلْآخَرِ فَيَصْعُبُ عليه حسن العشرة والمجاملة فيؤد به ذَلِكَ إلَى مُخَالَفَةِ أَمْرِ اللَّهِ فِي تَقْصِيرِهِ فِي الْحُقُوقِ الَّتِي تَلْزَمُهُ وَفِيمَا أَلْزَمَ الزَّوْجَ مِنْ إظْهَارِ الْمَيْلِ إلَى غَيْرِهَا فِي قَوْله تَعَالَى فَلا تَمِيلُوا كُلَّ الْمَيْلِ فَتَذَرُوها كَالْمُعَلَّقَةِ فَإِذَا وَقَعَ أَحَدُ هَذَيْنِ وَأَشْفَقَا مِنْ تَرْكِ إقَامَةِ حُدُودِ اللَّهِ الَّتِي حَدَّهَا لَهُمَا حَلَّ الْخُلْعُ

وَذَكَرَ عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَبِي طَلْحَةَ عَنْ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ قَالَ تَرْكُهَا إقَامَةَ حدود الله استخفافا بِحَقِّ الزَّوْجِ وَسُوءُ خُلُقِهَا فَتَقُولُ وَاَللَّهِ لَا أَبَرُّ لَك قَسَمًا وَلَا أَطَأُ لَك مَضْجَعًا وَلَا أُطِيعُ لَك أَمْرًا فَإِذَا فَعَلَتْ ذَلِكَ فَقَدْ حَلَّ لَهُ مِنْهَا الْفِدْيَةُ وَلَا يَأْخُذُ أَكْثَرَ مِمَّا أَعْطَاهَا شَيْئًا وَيُخَلِّي سَبِيلَهَا وَإِنْ كَانَتْ الْإِسَاءَةُ مِنْ قِبَلِهَا رُوِيَ عَنْ عَلِيٍّ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ أَنَّهُ كَرِهَ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ مِنْهَا أَكْثَرَ مِمَّا أَعْطَاهَا وهو قول سعيد ابن الْمُسَيِّبِ وَالْحَسَنِ وَطَاوُسٍ وَسَعِيدِ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ وَرُوِيَ عَنْ عُمَرَ وَعُثْمَانَ وَابْنِ عُمَرَ وَابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ وَمُجَاهِدٍ وَإِبْرَاهِيمَ وَالْحَسَنِ رِوَايَةٌ أُخْرَى أَنَّهُ جَائِزٌ لَهُ أَنْ يَخْلَعَهَا عَلَى أَكْثَرِ مِمَّا أَعْطَاهَا وَلَوْ بِعِقَاصِهَا وَقَالَ أَبُو حَنِيفَةَ وَزُفَرُ وَأَبُو يُوسُفَ وَمُحَمَّدٌ إذَا كَانَ النُّشُوزُ مِنْ قِبَلِهَا حَلَّ لَهُ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ مِنْهَا مَا أَعْطَاهَا وَلَا يَزْدَادُ وَإِنْ كَانَ النُّشُوزُ مِنْ قِبَلِهِ لَمْ يَحِلَّ لَهُ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ مِنْهَا شَيْئًا فَإِنْ فَعَلَ جَازَ فِي الْقَضَاءِ

 

Marrying One’s Milk-Kinship Niece

Marrying One’s Milk-Kinship Niece

9th May 2019

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته

Question: Khadeja breastfed Fatima when she was a child. Fatima is now grown up married and has children of her own. Khadeja has now passed away but expressed her desire before passing away that her son Khalid marries Fatima’s daughter, Zainab. My question is can Khalid marry Zainab? Bear in mind that apart from milk-kinship, Fatima had no blood ties with Khadeja.

 

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

 

Answer

In reference to your query, Fatima is now classed as the sister of Khalid[1] as they had both been breastfed by the same women. Any relations to Fatima are now connected to Khalid as well, therefore Zainab is Khalid’s niece through milk-kinship relation [2], which means that the marriage between them is prohibited.[3]

 

[Allāh Knows Best]

 

Written by:  Apa Gul-e-Maryam       Reviewed by: Mufti Abdul Waheed

Attested by: Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

 

[1] Hidaya,Kitab Ra’dah,Vol 1,Pg 218

وكل صبيين اجتمعا على ثدي امرأة واحدة لم يجز لأحدهما أن يتزوج بالأخرى ” هذا هو الأصل لأن أمهما واحدة فهما أخ وأخت “ولا يتزوج المرضعة أحد من ولد التي أرضعت ” لأنه أخوها ” ولا ولد ولدها ” لأنه ولد أخيه ” ولا يتزوج الصبي المرضع أخت زوج المرضعة ” لأنها عمته من الرضاع.

[2] Ibn Nujaym, Bahr Rāiq,Kitab Rad’ah, ol 3,Pg 242

 وَفِي فَتْحِ الْقَدِيرِ: ثُمَّ قَالَتْ طَائِفَةٌ هَذَا الْإِخْرَاجُ تَخْصِيصٌ لِلْحَدِيثِ أَعْنِي «يَحْرُمُ مِنْ الرَّضَاعِ مَا يَحْرُمُ مِنْ النَّسَبِ» بِدَلِيلِ الْعَقْلِ، وَالْمُحَقِّقُونَ عَلَى أَنَّهُ لَيْسَ تَخْصِيصًا لِأَنَّهُ أَحَالَ مَا يَحْرُمُ بِالرَّضَاعِ عَلَى مَا يَحْرُمُ بِالنَّسَبِ وَمَا يَحْرُمُ بِالنَّسَبِ هُوَ مَا تَعَلَّقَ بِهِ خِطَابُ تَحْرِيمِهِ وَقَدْ تَعَلَّقَ بِمَا عَبَّرَ عَنْهُ بِلَفْظِ الْأُمَّهَاتِ، وَالْبَنَاتِ وَأَخَوَاتُكُمْ وَعَمَّاتُكُمْ وَخَالَاتُكُمْ وَبَنَاتُ الْأَخِ وَبَنَاتُ الْأُخْتِ فَمَا كَانَ مِنْ مُسَمَّى هَذِهِ الْأَلْفَاظِ مُتَحَقِّقًا مِنْ الرَّضَاعِ حَرُمَ فِيهِ، 

 Kasani, Badā’i Sanāi, Kitab ar Radhaa’, Fasl fil muhrimaat bir radhaa’, vol 4, p2/3

 وَالْأَصْلُ فِي ذَلِكَ أَنَّ كُلَّ اثْنَيْنِ اجْتَمَعَا عَلَى ثَدْيٍ وَاحِدٍ صَارَا أَخَوَيْنِ أَوْ أُخْتَيْنِ أَوْ أَخًا وَأُخْتًا مِنْ الرَّضَاعَةِ فَلَا يَجُوزُ لِأَحَدِهِمَا أَنْ يَتَزَوَّجَ بِالْآخَرِ وَلَا بِوَلَدِهِ كَمَا فِي النَّسَبِ،

[3] Fatawa Hindiyya,Kitab Rad’ah,Vol 1,Pg 343

يُحَرَّمُ عَلَى الرَّضِيعِ أَبَوَاهُ مِنْ الرَّضَاعِ وَأُصُولُهُمَا وَفُرُوعُهُمَا مِنْ النَّسَبِ وَالرَّضَاعِ جَمِيعًا حَتَّى أَنَّ الْمُرْضِعَةَ لَوْ وَلَدَتْ مِنْ هَذَا الرَّجُلِ أَوْ غَيْرِهِ قَبْلَ هَذَا الْإِرْضَاعِ أَوْ بَعْدَهُ أَوْ أَرْضَعَتْ رَضِيعًا أَوْ وُلِدَ لِهَذَا الرَّجُلِ مِنْ غَيْرِ هَذِهِ الْمَرْأَةِ قَبْلَ هَذَا الْإِرْضَاعِ أَوْ بَعْدَهُ أَوْ أَرْضَعَتْ امْرَأَةٌ مِنْ لَبَنِهِ رَضِيعًا فَالْكُلُّ إخْوَةُ الرَّضِيعِ وَأَخَوَاتُهُ وَأَوْلَادُهُمْ أَوْلَادُ إخْوَتِهِ وَأَخَوَاتِهِ وَأَخُو الرَّجُلِ عَمُّهُ وَأُخْتُهُ عَمَّتُهُ وَأَخُو الْمُرْضِعَةِ خَالُهُ وَأُخْتُهَا خَالَتُهُ وَكَذَا فِي الْجَدِّ وَالْجَدَّةِ

Marriage through Registry Office

Marriage through Registry Office

12th March 2018

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته

Question: Please could you give a legal opinion on the following case from a junior doctor based in the UK. I am currently engaged to a woman from a Catholic family. She has decided to revert to Islam, she calls herself Muslim and has renounced any ideas of the Holy trinity et cetera. She is currently scared to tell her family, though, and this may take some time. She wants, as I do, to be married Islamically as well under national law. The questions are:

 1) Do we need to do the Nikah for the marriage to be legal, or is the national registry enough?

2) If we do the Nikah (which ideally we want to), will she need a Wali? The reason this is a problem is that she does not feel ready to tell her father of her change in religion, and she is certain he will refuse to witness the Nikah. I am also fairly certain he will refuse. 

 

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

 

Answer

In reference to your case scenario, the national registry would suffice only if the integral elements of Nikah were fulfilled namely; offering & acceptance from the bride and groom and the presence of Muslim witnesses either two males or one male and two females. It is, however, advisable to have an Islamic Nikah done in the presence of an Imām either before or after the registry office marriage.

According to the Hanafi School, the presence of a legal guardian during the Nikah ceremony is not essential but just a recommendation. The Nikah will be valid in spite of the absence of her Wali. Nonetheless, it is her moral duty that she informs her parents of the Nikah and persuades them to the best of her ability into accepting it. If they still refuse then that does not affect the validity of their Nikah.

 

[Allãh Knows Best]

 

Written by (Mufti) Abdul Waheed

Answer Attested by Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

Nikāh over the Phone

Nikāh over the Phone

26th July 2016

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته

Question: If a Nikāh was conducted over the phone without either of the parties being physically present in the same session, is the Nikāh valid?

 

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

 

Answer

In reference to your query about performing Nikāh over the phone, the necessary condition for the validity of Nikāh is that all the members; bride, the groom (or representative), witnesses and the Imām must be physically present in the same session. Nikāh being conducted over the phone suggests that all members were not physically present in the same session. Therefore, Islamically the Nikāh conducted in this manner is not valid.

It must be noted that if they consummated assuming that the Nikāh was valid then she must observe a waiting period of three menstrual cycles. This is to clear her womb before she decides to marry someone else. If no consummation took place then no waiting period is to be observed.

 

[Allãh Knows Best]

 

Written by (Mufti) Abdul Waheed

Answer Attested by Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

Giving Jahaiz

Giving Jahaiz

19th January 2015

السلام عليكم و رحمة الله و بركاته

Question: Could you please highlight the issue regarding the Holy Prophet sallallahu alayhi wasallam giving Hadya (gift) to Sayyidunā Ali radhiyallahu anhu at the time of Sayyidah Fātima’s radhiyallahu anha wedding?

 

الجواب حامداً و مصلياً

In the name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

Answer

In reference to your question, the closest Hadeeth to your request is the report where the Messenger of Allāh sallallahu alayhi wasallam prepared (jahaza) for Sayyidah Fātima radhiyallahu anha (at the time of her marriage with Sayyidunā Ali radhiyallahu anhu and relocating them to their new accommodation) a bed sheet, pitcher and a cushion filled with leaves.[1] There is no clear mentioning of giving any gifts directly to Sayyidunā Ali radhiyallahu anhu.

Some have described this as jahaiz where the bride’s parents give some supplementary gifts when giving their daughter away in marriage. With the exception of Sayyidah Fātima radhiyallahu anha, there is no sound report where the Messenger of Allāh sallallahu alayhi wasallam did the same with his other daughters at the time of their marriage. This establishes that it was not his regular habit to do such a thing and moreover, the jahaiz for Sayyidah Fātima radhiyallahu anha and her husband were, in fact, their basic essentials because jahaiz comes from the root word ja-ha-za which means preparing one’s essentials.

So, albeit giving jahaiz at the time of giving one’s daughter away in marriage is not an emphasised Sunnah, there is no harm in gifting items generally without extravagance or coercion from anyone. The above Hadeeth cannot be used as evidence to make it an emphasised tradition nor to justify modern-day extravagance in gifts during wedding ceremonies.

           

[Allãh Knows Best]

 

Written by (Mufti) Abdul Waheed

Answer Attested by Shaykh Mufti Saiful Islam

JKN Fatawa Department

[1] Sunnan Nasai, Chapter on man giving Jihaz to his daughter Hadeeth No:3384

عَنْ عَلِيٍّ، رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ: «جَهَّزَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَاطِمَةَ فِي خَمِيلٍ وَقِرْبَةٍ وَوِسَادَةٍ حَشْوُهَا إِذْخِرٌ